Turbulent buoyant plumes moving through density stratified environments transport large volumes of fluid vertically. Eventually, the fluid reaches its neutral buoyancy level at which it intrudes into the environment. For single-phase plume, the well-known theory of Morton, Taylor and Turner (Morton BR, Taylor GI, Turner JS. 1956 Turbulent gravitational convection from maintained and instantaneous sources. Proc. R. Soc. A 234, 1–23. (doi:10.1098/rspa.1956.0011)) describes the height of the intrusion with great accuracy. However, in multiphase plumes, such as descending particle plumes formed from the surface vessel during deep-sea mining operations, or ascending volcanic plumes, consisting of hot gas and dense ash particles, the sedimentation of particles can change the buoyancy of the fluid very significantly. Even if the plume speed far exceeds the sedimentation speed, the ultimate intrusion height of the fluid may be significantly affected by particle sedimentation. We explore this process, illustrating the phenomena with a series of analogue experiments and some simple modelling, and we discuss the applications in helping to quantify some environmental impacts of deep-sea mining and in helping to assess the eruption conditions leading to the formation of large laterally spreading ash clouds in the atmosphere. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Stokes at 200 (part 2)’.

中文翻译：

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斯托克斯沉降和含颗粒羽流：对深海采矿和火山喷发羽流的影响

在密度分层环境中移动的湍流浮力羽流垂直输送大量流体。最终，流体达到其中性浮力水平，并在此水平侵入环境。对于单相羽流，著名的 Morton、Taylor 和 Turner 理论（Morton BR、Taylor GI、Turner JS. 1956 来自维持源和瞬时源的湍流重力对流。Proc. R. Soc. A 234, 1-23。 (doi:10.1098/rspa.1956.0011)) 非常准确地描述了入侵的高度。然而，在多相羽流中，例如深海采矿作业期间从水面容器形成的下降颗粒羽流，或由热气和致密灰颗粒组成的上升火山羽流，颗粒的沉降可以非常显着地改变流体的浮力. 即使羽流速度远远超过沉降速度，流体的最终侵入高度也可能受到颗粒沉降的显着影响。我们探索了这个过程，通过一系列模拟实验和一些简单的建模来说明现象，我们讨论了在帮助量化深海采矿的一些环境影响和帮助评估导致形成大型火山的喷发条件方面的应用。在大气中横向扩散的灰云。本文是主题问题“斯托克斯 200（第 2 部分）”的一部分。我们讨论了在帮助量化深海采矿的一些环境影响和帮助评估导致大气中大型横向扩散灰云形成的喷发条件方面的应用。本文是主题问题“斯托克斯 200（第 2 部分）”的一部分。我们讨论了在帮助量化深海采矿的一些环境影响和帮助评估导致大气中大型横向扩散灰云形成的喷发条件方面的应用。本文是主题问题“斯托克斯 200（第 2 部分）”的一部分。