Primary pests such as Rhyzoperta dominica may increase the contents of dockage, dust, and frass in grain mass. Although it has been suggested that frass can affect the population growth of stored product pests and ecological interactions among primary and secondary pests in stored grain, this has not been validated experimentally. Therefore, this work experimentally tested the hypothesis that R. dominica wheat frass may support population increases in secondary pests such as Tribolium confusum, T. castaneum, and Oryzaephilus surinamensis for the first time. The effect of frass on secondary pest performance was compared with the effects of various physical qualities of wheat grain (i.e., intact grain kernels, grain fragments, flour, grain + frass) and an artificially enriched control diet (milled wheat kernels, oat flakes, and yeast). The results showed that the clean intact grain kernels did not support the population growth of any tested species, and the nutrient-rich control diet provided the best support. Frass was a significantly better food medium for O. surinamensis and T. castaneum than flour or cracked grain, while T. confusum performed equally well on flour and frass. Our results showed that in terms of food quality and suitability for the tested species, frass occupied an intermediate position between the optimized breeding diet and simple uniform cereal diets such as cracked grain or flour. The results suggest that (i) the wheat frass of primary pest R. dominica is a riskier food source for the development of the tested secondary pests than intact or cracked wheat grain or flour; (ii) frass has the potential to positively influence interspecific interactions between R. dominica and the tested secondary pests; and (iii) wheat grain should be cleaned if increases in R. dominica populations and/or accumulated frass are detected.

中文翻译：

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主要害虫 Rhyzopertha dominica 产生的 Frass 支持次生贮藏害虫 Oryzaephilus surinamensis、Tribolium castaneum 和 T. confusum 的种群增长

主要害虫如多米尼加根茎可能会增加谷物中的杂质、灰尘和碎屑的含量。虽然有人提出，杂草可以影响贮藏品害虫的种群增长以及贮藏谷物中初级和次级害虫之间的生态相互作用，但尚未得到实验验证。因此，这项工作通过实验验证了以下假设：多米尼克河小麦杂草可能会增加次生害虫的数量，例如赤霉,T.栗，和苏里南稻瘟病菌首次。将碎屑对次生害虫性能的影响与小麦粒的各种物理品质（即完整的谷粒、谷物碎片、面粉、谷物 + 碎屑）和人工丰富的对照饮食（碾磨的小麦粒、燕麦片、和酵母）。结果表明，干净完整的谷粒不支持任何受试物种的种群增长，而营养丰富的对照饮食提供了最好的支持。Frass 是一种明显更好的食物培养基苏里南稻和栗树比面粉或破碎的谷物，而迷迭香在面粉和面粉上表现同样出色。我们的研究结果表明，就食品质量和对受试物种的适用性而言，frass 在优化的育种饮食和简单的均匀谷物饮食（例如破碎的谷物或面粉）之间处于中间位置。结果表明 (i) 主要害虫的小麦多米尼克河是比完整或破碎的小麦谷物或面粉更危险的食物来源；(ii) frass 有可能对种间相互作用产生积极影响多米尼克河和被测次生害虫；(iii) 小麦籽粒增加时应清洗多米尼克河检测到种群和/或累积的碎片。