Abstract In order to evaluate the effects of water deficit stress and foliar application of zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) nanoparticles on physiological characters and seed yield of pinto bean, an experiment was designed as a split factorial design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications in two growing seasons (2016–2017 and 2017–2018). Treatments were included water deficit stress (normal irrigation and water deficit stress in 50% flowering), foliar application of nano-fertilizers (control, nano-Zn (1.5 g L−1), nano-Fe (2 g L−1) and combination of nano-Zn and nano-Fe) and four cultivars of pinto bean (Sadri, Coosha, Cos16, and Ghaffar). The results showed that the soluble sugars and proline content was increased under water deficit. Water deficit stress through decreasing chlorophyll and relative water content of leaves as well as the iron and zinc content of seeds, decreased seed yield and quality. The application of nano-fertilizers of zinc and iron enhanced antioxidant enzymes activity, proline and soluble sugars content as well as leaf area. Also applied nano-fertilizers improved seed quality in terms of protein content. According to obtained results the effect of foliar spray of nano-fertilizers on iron and zinc content of seeds regards to bean cultivars was different. It was concluded that the foliar application of iron combined zinc nano-fertilizers can be useful in pinto bean cultivars under water deficit stress. In both normal and water deficit Cos16 cultivar showed the better amount of studied characteristics compared to other cultivars. The results of cluster analysis of these cultivars confirmed the superiority of Cos16 cultivar.

中文翻译：

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纳米肥料对缺水胁迫下斑豆品种生理及产量特性的影响

摘要 为了评价缺水胁迫和叶面喷施锌（Zn）和铁（Fe）纳米颗粒对斑豆生理特性和种子产量的影响，设计了基于随机完全区组的分裂因子设计试验。在两个生长季节（2016-2017 和 2017-2018）三个重复。处理包括缺水胁迫（正常灌溉和 50% 开花时缺水胁迫）、叶面喷施纳米肥料（对照、纳米锌 (1.5 g L-1)、纳米铁 (2 g L-1) 和纳米锌和纳米铁的组合）和四个花豆品种（Sadri、Coosha、Cos16 和 Ghaffar）。结果表明，缺水条件下可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量增加。通过降低叶绿素和相对水分含量以及种子的铁和锌含量来造成缺水胁迫，从而降低种子产量和质量。锌和铁纳米肥料的应用增强了抗氧化酶活性、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量以及叶面积。还施用纳米肥料在蛋白质含量方面改善了种子质量。所得结果表明，叶面喷施纳米肥料对豆类品种种子铁、锌含量的影响不同。得出的结论是，叶面喷施铁结合锌纳米肥料对缺水胁迫下的斑豆品种有帮助。在正常和缺水的情况下，与其他品种相比，Cos16 品种表现出更好的研究特性。