Kuwait, which is located in the northwestern Arabian Gulf, has experienced several incidences of marine life mortality during the past two decades. Mortalities included pelagic and benthic fish, Sea Cucumbers and Mollusks including pearl oysters. Most of the mortalities occurred in Kuwait Bay, which is shallow and semi-enclosed. The Bay encompasses Sulaibikhat Bay, whose coastal waters are nutrient-rich and eutrophicated due to sewage discharge into its waters. Other mortalities were reported outside Kuwait Bay, especially in marinas and southern waters of Kuwait. Kuwait’s marine environment has been increasingly affected by harmful algal blooms, which increased by frequency and severity. Other Gulf countries experienced serious mortality incidences as well. Different causes were responsible for the different marine mortalities in Kuwait and the region, including untreated sewage input, eutrophication, bacterial infection, algal blooms, hypoxic conditions, pollution, and dredging. The above mortalities impacted the economy, and affected aquaculture activities, the fishing operations, coastal tourism, damaged coral reefs, and forced the closure of desalination plants. This study summarizes the different mortality incidents that occurred in the northwestern Arabian Gulf during the period of 1999 to 2019 and their possible causes. Efforts, taken by Kuwait to improve the environmental conditions of the degraded coastal area of Kuwait Bay, include for example, the designation of a marine protected area in southern Kuwait Bay that would ensure the continued production of ecological services of the protected Bay area.

中文翻译：

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阿拉伯湾北部的海洋生物死亡和有害藻华

科威特位于阿拉伯湾西北部，在过去的二十年中发生了数起海洋生物死亡事件。死亡的包括远洋和底栖鱼类、海参和包括珍珠贝在内的软体动物。大多数死亡发生在科威特湾，该湾浅且半封闭。该湾包括 Sulaibikhat 湾，其沿海水域由于污水排放到其水域而营养丰富且富营养化。据报道，在科威特湾以外，特别是在码头和科威特南部水域有其他死亡事件。科威特的海洋环境越来越受到有害藻华的影响，其频率和严重程度都在增加。其他海湾国家也经历了严重的死亡率。科威特和该地区造成不同海洋死亡的原因不同，包括未经处理的污水输入、富营养化、细菌感染、藻华、缺氧条件、污染和疏浚。上述死亡事件影响了经济，影响了水产养殖活动、捕鱼作业、沿海旅游业、珊瑚礁受损，并迫使海水淡化厂关闭。本研究总结了 1999 年至 2019 年期间阿拉伯湾西北部发生的不同死亡事件及其可能原因。科威特为改善科威特湾退化沿海地区的环境条件所做的努力包括，例如，