The maintenance of redox homeostasis in the brain is critical for the prevention of the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Drugs acting on brain redox balance can be promising for the treatment of neurodegeneration. For more than four decades, dimethyl fumarate (DMF) and other derivatives of fumaric acid ester compounds have been shown to mitigate a number of pathological mechanisms associated with psoriasis and relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). Recently, DMF has been shown to exert a neuroprotective effect on the central nervous system (CNS), possibly through the modulation of microglia detrimental actions, observed also in multiple brain injuries. In addition to the hypothesis that DMF is linked to the activation of NRF2 and NF-kB transcription factors, the neuroprotective action of DMF may be mediated by the activation of the glutathione (GSH) antioxidant pathway and the regulation of brain iron homeostasis. This review will focus on the role of DMF as an antioxidant modulator in microglia processes and on its mechanisms of action in the modulation of different pathways to attenuate neurodegenerative disease progression.

中文翻译：

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探索富马酸二甲酯作为小胶质细胞调节剂在神经退行性疾病治疗中的应用。

大脑中氧化还原稳态的维持对于预防神经退行性疾病的发展至关重要。作用于大脑氧化还原平衡的药物有望用于神经退行性疾病的治疗。超过四十年来，富马酸二甲酯（DMF）和富马酸酯化合物的其他衍生物已被证明可缓解与牛皮癣和复发性多发性硬化症（MS）相关的许多病理机制。最近，已证明DMF可能通过调节小胶质细胞的有害作用而对中枢神经系统（CNS）产生神经保护作用，在多发性脑损伤中也观察到这种作用。除了DMF与NRF2和NF-kB转录因子的激活有关的假设外，DMF的神经保护作用可能通过谷胱甘肽（GSH）抗氧化剂途径的激活和脑铁稳态的调节来介导。这项审查将侧重于DMF作为小胶质细胞过程中的抗氧化剂调节剂的作用及其在调节不同途径以减弱神经变性疾病进展中的作用机理。