Salinization of land is likely to increase due to climate change with impact on agricultural production. Since most species used as crops are sensitive to salinity, improvement of salt tolerance is needed to maintain global food production. This review summarises successes and failures of transgenic approaches in improving salt tolerance in crop species. A conceptual model of coordinated physiological mechanisms in roots and shoots required for salt tolerance is presented. Transgenic plants overexpressing genes of key proteins contributing to Na⁺ ‘exclusion’ (PM‐ATPases with SOS1 antiporter, and HKT1 transporter) and Na⁺ compartmentation in vacuoles (V‐H⁺ATPase and V‐H⁺PPase with NHX antiporter), as well as two proteins potentially involved in alleviating water deficit during salt stress (aquaporins and dehydrins), were evaluated. Of the 51 transformations, with gene(s) involved in Na⁺ ‘exclusion’ or Na⁺ vacuolar compartmentation that contained quantitative data on growth and include a non‐saline control, 48 showed improvements in salt tolerance (less impact on plant mass) of transgenic plants, but with only two tested in field conditions. Of these 51 transformations, 26 involved crop species. Tissue ion concentrations were altered, but not always in the same way. Although glasshouse data are promising, field studies are required to assess crop salinity tolerance.

中文翻译：

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使用转基因方法提高作物的耐盐性：更新和生理分析。

气候变化影响农业生产，土地盐碱化可能会增加。由于大多数用作农作物的物种对盐分敏感，因此需要提高耐盐性以维持全球粮食产量。这篇综述总结了转基因方法在提高作物品种耐盐性方面的成功与失败。提出了耐盐性所需的根和芽协调生理机制的概念模型。转基因植物过量表达关键蛋白的基因，这些蛋白会导致Na ⁺排斥（带有SOS1反转运蛋白的PM-ATPase和HKT1转运蛋白）和液泡中的Na ⁺分隔（V-H ⁺ ATPase和V-H ⁺评估了具有NHX反转运蛋白的PPase）以及可能在盐胁迫期间减轻水分缺乏的两种蛋白质（水通道蛋白和脱水蛋白）。在51个转化中，涉及Na ⁺ “排除”或Na ⁺液泡区室的基因包含生长的定量数据，并且包括非盐对照，其中48个显示耐盐性提高（对植物质量的影响较小）转基因植物，但只有两个在田间条件下进行了测试。在这51种转化中，有26种涉及作物物种。组织离子浓度发生了变化，但并非总是以相同的方式发生变化。尽管温室数据很有希望，但仍需进行田间研究以评估农作物的耐盐性。