Poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) rubber is a highly demanded elastomeric material mainly used for the manufacturing of tires. The end-cycle of rubber-made products is creating serious environmental concern and, therefore, different recycling processes have been proposed. However, the current physical-chemical processes include the use of hazardous chemical solvents, large amounts of energy, and possibly generations of unhealthy micro-plastics. Under this scenario, eco-friendly alternatives are needed and biotechnological rubber treatments are demonstrating huge potential. The cleavage mechanisms and the biochemical pathways for the uptake of poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) rubber have been extensively reported. Likewise, novel bacterial strains able to degrade the polymer have been studied and the involved structural and functional enzymes have been analyzed. Considering the fundamentals, biotechnological approaches have been proposed considering process optimization, cost-effective methods and larger-scale experiments in the search for practical and realistic applications. In this work, the latest research in the rubber biodegradation field is shown and discussed, aiming to analyze the combination of detoxification, devulcanization and polymer-cleavage mechanisms to achieve better degradation yields. The modified superficial structure of rubber materials after biological treatments might be an interesting way to reuse old rubber for re-vulcanization or to find new materials.

聚（顺-1，4-异戊二烯）橡胶是一种主要用于制造轮胎的高要求弹性材料。橡胶制品的最终循环正引起严重的环境关注，因此，提出了不同的回收方法。但是，当前的物理化学过程包括使用危险的化学溶剂，大量的能量，并可能产生不健康的微塑料。在这种情况下，需要环保的替代品，而生物技术橡胶处理则显示出巨大的潜力。聚顺式吸收的裂解机制和生化途径-1，4-异戊二烯橡胶已被广泛报道。同样，已经研究了能够降解聚合物的新型细菌菌株，并分析了所涉及的结构和功能酶。考虑到基本原理，已经提出了生物技术方法，该方法考虑了工艺优化，具有成本效益的方法和大规模实验，以寻求实际和现实的应用。在这项工作中，展示并讨论了橡胶生物降解领域的最新研究，旨在分析脱毒，脱硫和聚合物裂解机理的组合，以实现更好的降解率。经过生物处理的橡胶材料表面结构的改性可能是将旧橡胶重新硫化或寻找新材料的有趣方式。