Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can influence all components of plant reproduction including pollen delivery, pollen germination, pollen tube growth, fertilization, and seed germination. AM fungi associate with plant roots, uptake nutrients, and prime plants for faster defense responses. Our literature review first identified four testable hypotheses describing how AM fungi could alter pollen delivery: (1) We hypothesize AM fungi promote floral display size. The influence of AM fungi on flower size and number is supported by literature, however there are no studies on floral color. (2) We hypothesize AM fungi promote pollen and nectar quality and quantity, and, as reported before, AM fungi promote male fitness over female fitness. (3) We hypothesize AM fungi promote both earlier and longer flowering times, but we found no consistent trend in the data for earlier or later or longer flowering times. (4) We hypothesize AM fungi alter floral secondary chemistry and VOCs, and find there is clear evidence for the alteration of floral chemistry but little data on VOCs. Second, we focus on how AM fungi could alter pollen germination, pollen tube growth, and fertilization, and present three testable hypotheses. We found evidence that AM fungi influence pollen germination and pollen tube growth, production of seeds, and seed germination. However, while most of these influences are positive they are not conclusive, because studies have been conducted in small numbers of systems and groups. Therefore, we conclude that the majority of research to date may not be measuring the influence of AM fungi on the most important components of plant reproduction: pollen germination, pollen tube growth, fertilization, and seed germination.

中文翻译：

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丛枝菌根真菌对植物繁殖的影响。

丛枝菌根（AM）真菌可以影响植物繁殖的所有组成部分，包括花粉传递，花粉萌发，花粉管生长，施肥和种子发芽。AM真菌可与植物根部，吸收养分和优质植物结合在一起，从而加快防御反应。我们的文献综述首先确定了四个可检验的假说，这些假说描述了AM真菌如何改变花粉的传递：（1）我们假设AM真菌可以促进花卉展示的大小。有文献支持AM真菌对花的大小和数量的影响，但尚无关于花色的研究。（2）我们假设AM真菌可以促进花粉和花蜜的质量和数量，并且正如以前所报道的，AM真菌可以促进男性适应能力超过女性适应能力。（3）我们假设AM真菌可以促进更早和更长的开花时间，但是我们发现在开花时间更早或更晚或更长的时间内，数据并没有一致的趋势。（4）我们假设AM真菌会改变花卉的次级化学和VOC，并发现有明显的证据证明花卉的化学变化，但有关VOC的数据很少。其次，我们关注AM真菌如何改变花粉萌发，花粉管生长和受精，并提出了三个可检验的假设。我们发现有证据表明AM真菌会影响花粉的发芽和花粉管的生长，种子的产生以及种子的发芽。但是，尽管大多数影响是积极的，但它们并不是结论性的，因为研究是在少数系统和小组中进行的。因此，我们得出的结论是，迄今为止，大多数研究可能尚未衡量AM真菌对植物繁殖最重要成分的影响：