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CpG-Islands as Markers for Liquid Biopsies of Cancer Patients.
Cells ( IF 6 ) Pub Date : 2020-08-01 , DOI: 10.3390/cells9081820
Maximilian Sprang 1 , Claudia Paret 1, 2, 3 , Joerg Faber 1, 2, 3
Affiliation  

The analysis of tumours using biomarkers in blood is transforming cancer diagnosis and therapy. Cancers are characterised by evolving genetic alterations, making it difficult to develop reliable and broadly applicable DNA-based biomarkers for liquid biopsy. In contrast to the variability in gene mutations, the methylation pattern remains generally constant during carcinogenesis. Thus, methylation more than mutation analysis may be exploited to recognise tumour features in the blood of patients. In this work, we investigated the possibility of using global CpG (CpG means a CG motif in the context of methylation. The p represents the phosphate. This is used to distinguish CG sites meant for methylation from other CG motifs or from mentions of CG content) island methylation profiles as a basis for the prediction of cancer state of patients utilising liquid biopsy samples. We retrieved existing GEO methylation datasets on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from HCC patients and healthy donors, as well as healthy whole blood and purified peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples, and used a random forest classifier as a predictor. Additionally, we tested three different feature selection techniques in combination. When using cfDNA samples together with solid tumour samples and healthy blood samples of different origin, we could achieve an average accuracy of 0.98 in a 10-fold cross-validation. In this setting, all the feature selection methods we tested in this work showed promising results. We could also show that it is possible to use solid tumour samples and purified PBMCs as a training set and correctly predict a cfDNA sample as cancerous or healthy. In contrast to the complete set of samples, the feature selections led to varying results of the respective random forests. ANOVA feature selection worked well with this training set, and the selected features allowed the random forest to predict all cfDNA samples correctly. Feature selection based on mutual information could also lead to better than random results, but LASSO feature selection would not lead to a confident prediction. Our results show the relevance of CpG islands as tumour markers in blood.

中文翻译:

CpG-Islands作为癌症患者液体活检的标记。

使用血液中的生物标记物分析肿瘤正在改变癌症的诊断和治疗方法。癌症的特征在于不断发展的遗传改变,使得难以为液体活检开发可靠且广泛适用的基于DNA的生物标记。与基因突变的可变性相反,甲基化模式在致癌过程中通常保持恒定。因此,可以利用甲基化而不是突变分析来识别患者血液中的肿瘤特征。在这项工作中,我们研究了使用整体CpG的可能性(CpG在甲基化的背景下表示CG主题。p代表磷酸酯。这用于将意欲甲基化的CG位点与其他CG图案或提及的CG含量岛甲基化谱相区别,以此作为利用液体活检样本预测患者癌症状态的基础。我们从肝癌患者和健康捐献者以及健康全血和纯化的外周血单核细胞(PBMC)样本中检索了肝细胞癌(HCC)和无细胞DNA(cfDNA)的现有GEO甲基化数据集,并使用了随机森林分类器作为预测指标。此外,我们组合测试了三种不同的特征选择技术。当将cfDNA样品与不同来源的实体瘤样品和健康血液样品一起使用时,在10倍交叉验证中,我们可以达到0.98的平均准确度。在这种情况下,我们在这项工作中测试的所有特征选择方法均显示出令人鼓舞的结果。我们还可能表明,有可能使用实体瘤样品和纯化的PBMC作为训练集,并正确预测cfDNA样品是癌变的还是健康的。与完整的样本集相反,特征选择导致各个随机森林的结果不同。方差分析特征选择在此训练集上效果很好,并且选定的特征允许随机森林正确预测所有cfDNA样本。基于互信息的特征选择也可能比随机结果更好,但是LASSO特征选择不会带来自信的预测。我们的结果表明CpG岛作为血液中肿瘤标志物的相关性。我们还可能表明,有可能使用实体瘤样品和纯化的PBMC作为训练集,并正确预测cfDNA样品是癌变的还是健康的。与完整的样本集相反,特征选择导致各个随机森林的结果不同。方差分析特征选择在此训练集上效果很好,并且选定的特征允许随机森林正确预测所有cfDNA样本。基于互信息的特征选择也可能比随机结果更好,但是LASSO特征选择不会带来自信的预测。我们的结果表明CpG岛作为血液中肿瘤标志物的相关性。我们还可能表明,有可能使用实体瘤样品和纯化的PBMC作为训练集,并正确预测cfDNA样品是癌变的还是健康的。与完整的样本集相反,特征选择导致各个随机森林的结果不同。方差分析特征选择在此训练集上效果很好,并且选定的特征允许随机森林正确预测所有cfDNA样本。基于互信息的特征选择也可能比随机结果更好,但是LASSO特征选择不会导致自信的预测。我们的结果表明CpG岛作为血液中肿瘤标志物的相关性。特征选择导致各个随机森林的结果不同。方差分析特征选择在此训练集上效果很好,并且选定的特征允许随机森林正确预测所有cfDNA样本。基于互信息的特征选择也可能比随机结果更好,但是LASSO特征选择不会带来自信的预测。我们的结果表明CpG岛作为血液中肿瘤标志物的相关性。特征选择导致各个随机森林的结果不同。方差分析特征选择在此训练集上效果很好,并且选定的特征允许随机森林正确预测所有cfDNA样本。基于互信息的特征选择也可能比随机结果更好,但是LASSO特征选择不会带来自信的预测。我们的结果表明CpG岛作为血液中肿瘤标志物的相关性。
更新日期:2020-08-01
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