Functional traits are linked to ecosystem processes and services and therefore relevant in recovery assessment. However, traits of bryophytes and lichens, important components ofmany ecosystems, have received less attention than those of vascular plants.We explored the use of functional traits of multiple important organism groups in recovery assessment. We combined data on traits and species composition for vascular plants, bryophytes, and lichens from four alpine spoil heaps and their undisturbed surroundings in western Norway, collected at three time-points spanning more than two decades. We studied changes in community-weighted mean (CWM) trait values and distribution of trait-category optima over time. We analyzed temporal variation in joint functional trait composition using the ordination regression-based approach (ORBA) to predict time to recovery. We observed functional shifts along the successional gradient for all organism groups, e.g. from wind-dispersed propagules shortly after disturbance to vegetative reproduction at later successional stages. Over time, the similarity between dispersalrelated traits of vascular plants and bryophytes on the spoil heaps and in their surroundings increased, indicating that propagule influx is important in alpine restoration. The joint functional trait composition of all spoil heaps converged towards that of their surroundings: one spoil heap had recovered 34 years after construction, while the predicted time to recovery for the other three was 59–74 years. Our results indicate that inclusion of multiple organism groups improves trait-based recovery assessments and time-to-recovery predictions. Further development of trait databases is essential for future use of joint functional trait composition in recovery assessment.

中文翻译：

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通过维管植物、苔藓植物和地衣功能性状评估高山弃土堆的恢复

功能特征与生态系统过程和服务相关，因此与恢复评估相关。然而，苔藓植物和地衣作为许多生态系统的重要组成部分，其性状受到的关注不如维管植物。我们探索了多个重要生物群的功能性状在恢复评估中的应用。我们结合了来自挪威西部四个高山弃土堆及其未受干扰环境的维管植物、苔藓植物和地衣的性状和物种组成数据，这些数据是在跨越二十多年的三个时间点收集的。我们研究了社区加权平均 (CWM) 特征值和特征类别最优分布随时间的变化。我们使用基于排序回归的方法 (ORBA) 分析了关节功能特征组成的时间变化，以预测恢复时间。我们观察到所有生物群沿演替梯度的功能转变，例如从扰乱后不久的风传播繁殖体到后期演替阶段的营养繁殖。随着时间的推移，弃土堆上及其周围的维管植物和苔藓植物的扩散相关性状之间的相似性增加，表明繁殖体流入在高山恢复中很重要。所有弃土堆的联合功能性状组成趋向于其周围环境：一个弃土堆在建造后34年已经恢复，而其他三个弃土堆的预计恢复时间为59-74年。我们的结果表明，包含多个生物群可以改进基于特征的恢复评估和恢复时间预测。进一步开发性状数据库对于未来在恢复评估中使用联合功能性状组成至关重要。