We model power grids as graphs with heavy-tailed sinks, which represent demand from cities, and study cascading failures on such graphs. Our analysis links the scale-free nature of blackout sizes to the scale-free nature of city sizes, contrasting previous studies suggesting that this nature is governed by self-organized criticality. Our results are based on a new mathematical framework combining the physics of power flow with rare event analysis for heavy-tailed distributions, and are validated using various synthetic networks and the German transmission grid.

中文翻译：

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电网中无标度停电尺寸的出现。

我们将电网建模为带有沉重的汇的图形，这些图形代表了城市的需求，并研究了此类图形上的级联故障。我们的分析将停电规模的无标度性质与城市规模的无标度性质联系起来，对比以往的研究表明，这种性质受自组织临界度支配。我们的结果基于新的数学框架，结合了功率流的物理特性和针对重尾分布的罕见事件分析，并使用各种综合网络和德国输电网进行了验证。