The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a complex system responsible for nutrient absorption, digestion, secretion, and elimination of waste products that also hosts immune surveillance, the intestinal microbiome, and interfaces with the nervous system. Traditional in vitro systems cannot harness the architectural and functional complexity of the GI tract. Recent advances in organoid engineering, microfluidic organs-on-a-chip technology, and microfabrication allows us to create better in vitro models of human organs/tissues. These micro-physiological systems could integrate the numerous cell types involved in GI development and physiology, including intestinal epithelium, endothelium (vascular), nerve cells, immune cells, and their interplay/cooperativity with the microbiome. In this review, we report recent progress in developing micro-physiological models of the GI systems. We also discuss how these models could be used to study normal intestinal physiology such as nutrient absorption, digestion, and secretion as well as GI infection, inflammation, cancer, and metabolism.

中文翻译：

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肠道组织和肠道微生物组的人体微生理模型

胃肠道 (GI) 是一个复杂的系统，负责营养吸收、消化、分泌和废物消除，同时还负责免疫监视、肠道微生物群以及与神经系统的交互。传统的体外系统无法利用胃肠道的结构和功能复杂性。类器官工程、微流控芯片器官技术和微加工的最新进展使我们能够创建更好的人体器官/组织体外模型。这些微生理系统可以整合参与胃肠道发育和生理学的多种细胞类型，包括肠上皮、内皮（血管）、神经细胞、免疫细胞及其与微生物组的相互作用/协作。在这篇综述中，我们报告了开发胃肠道系统微观生理模型的最新进展。我们还讨论了如何使用这些模型来研究正常的肠道生理学，例如营养吸收、消化和分泌以及胃肠道感染、炎症、癌症和代谢。