Abstract As with most living organisms, human populations respond to climatic, environmental, and population pressures by transforming their range and subsistence strategies over space and time. An understanding of human ecology can be gained when the archaeological record is placed within the context of dynamic landscape changes and alterations in natural resource availability. We reconstructed the landscape evolution of the Quebrada Mani fan complex, situated along the west-facing slope of the Central Andes in the hyperarid core of the Atacama Desert, an area that contains an archaeological record that spans almost 13,000 years. Surficial geologic mapping and dating of three 2–12 km2 study sites, in conjunction with archaeological records and analysis of remotely sensed data for the ∼400 km2 fan complex, was conducted to reconstruct the landscape evolution and the way of life of Paleoindian (ca. 12.8–11.5 ka) and early/late Formative (ca 2.5 to 0.7 ka) social groups. Just prior to any known human occupation, a large pluvial event in the high Andes, regionally referred to as CAPE I, impacted the Quebrada Mani fan complex from ca.18–16.5 ka. During CAPE I, the Mani fan complex was dominated by perennial stream systems that deposited well-sorted conglomerates in the upper reaches of the fan (Unit T2) and perennial wetlands (Unit B1). This pluvial period was followed by the onset of an extreme drought sometime after 15 ka, but before 13 ka, when wetlands desiccated and the distal reaches of the fan deflated. Sand sheets and sand dunes were deposited across broad reaches of the landscape and Quebrada Mani incised 3–5 m into its floodplain. This drought had profound implications for the distribution of natural resources during the subsequent pluvial event (CAPE II) that ensued from ca. 12.5–9.5 ka. Incision along the upper reaches of the fan caused a more restricted floodplain and allowed the deposition of extensive wetlands along the more distal central reaches of the fan where groundwater emerged. Paleoindian residential open-air camps were placed in these areas. Wetlands were replaced by a tree-covered floodplain during the latter portion of this pluvial event (ca. 10.5–9 ka). We found no archaeological evidence for human occupations between ∼8–2.5 ka, suggesting a lack of natural resources and/or very low hunter-gatherer population densities. During this time, Quebrada Mani incised up to 8 m into the floodplain. Mudflow deposition – typical of the present-day fan complex – initiated around 2.5 ka, likely responding to an increase in precipitation. This triggered a re-population of the fan surface by Formative agricultural groups that irrigated and extensively farmed these floodplains. By the end of the Formative, these socio-cultural groups became increasingly vulnerable to climatic changes as cut-and-fill cycles in the drainage necessitated major infrastructure adjustments, until the technologies and social-cultural convention of the epoch could not cope with environmental change and investments were abandoned by ∼0.8 ka.

中文翻译：

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智利阿塔卡马沙漠南潘帕德尔塔马鲁加尔地区的景观演变和人类占领的环境背景

摘要 与大多数生物一样，人类通过在空间和时间上改变其活动范围和生存策略来应对气候、环境和人口压力。当将考古记录置于动态景观变化和自然资源可用性变化的背景下时，可以获得对人类生态学的理解。我们重建了 Quebrada Mani 扇复合体的景观演变，该复合体位于阿塔卡马沙漠超干旱核心的安第斯山脉中部朝西的斜坡上，该地区的考古记录跨越了近 13,000 年。三个 2-12 平方公里研究地点的地表地质测绘和年代测定，结合考古记录和对 ~400 平方公里扇复合体的遥感数据分析，进行了重建古印度人（约 12.8-11.5 ka）和早期/晚期形成（约 2.5 至 0.7 ka）社会群体的景观演变和生活方式。就在任何已知的人类占领之前，在大约 18-16.5 ka 期间，在安第斯山脉地区发生的一场大型雨洪事件，在区域内被称为 CAPE I，影响了克布拉达马尼扇复合体。在 CAPE I 期间，Mani 扇复合体以多年生河流系统为主，这些系统在扇上游（T2 单元）和多年生湿地（B1 单元）沉积了分类良好的砾岩。在这个雨季之后，在 15 ka 之后的某个时间发生了极端干旱，但在 13 ka 之前，湿地干燥，风扇的远端放气。沙床和沙丘沉积在广阔的景观范围内，Quebrada Mani 在其洪泛区切入 3-5 m。这场干旱对随后发生的雨洪事件（CAPE II）期间的自然资源分配产生了深远的影响。12.5–9.5 ka。沿扇上游的切口造成了更受限制的泛滥平原，并允许在地下水出现的扇更远的中央区域沉积大面积的湿地。古印第安人住宅露天营地被安置在这些地区。在这次雨洪事件的后期（大约 10.5-9 ka），湿地被树木覆盖的漫滩所取代。我们没有发现大约 8-2.5 ka 之间人类职业的考古证据，这表明缺乏自然资源和/或狩猎采集人口密度非常低。在此期间，Quebrada Mani 在洪泛区切入了 8 m。泥流沉积——现代扇复合体的典型特征——在 2.5 ka 左右开始，可能是对降水增加的反应。这引发了灌溉和广泛耕种这些洪泛区的形成性农业团体重新填充扇面。到形成期结束时，这些社会文化群体变得越来越容易受到气候变化的影响，因为排水系统中的挖填循环需要对基础设施进行重大调整，直到那个时代的技术和社会文化习俗无法应对环境变化并且投资被放弃了大约 0.8 ka。