Abstract The lack of a standard protocol for analyzing and comparing multiple assemblages of lithic artifacts has hindered the advance of a better understanding of the cultural diversity associated to prehistoric hunter-gatherer groups. This was the case of Brazilian archaeologists that for many decades associated lithic stemmed point assemblages to a cultural entity known as “Umbu Tradition”. However, most associations of assemblages to this “tradition” have been made regardless of the type of lithic points, as well as ignoring other elements related to the lithic industry, settlement patterns, among others. As a result, since the 1980s, several studies have been questioning the validity of such Tradition. Recent research has proposed new definitions for the previously associated Umbu Tradition lithic industries based on the stemmed points typology. However, no raw data on the technological analysis of such points have ever been presented. This article proposes a protocol for the technological study of lithic points that allows the application of descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis to verify if these types present or not significant differences. We present new data on the technological analysis of 501 lithic points from sites located in the supposed Umbu Tradition coverage area and period, as well two new Early Holocene C14 dates for one of the studied sites (Caetetuba site). Our results corroborate previous propositions of discarding Umbu Tradition as a valid cultural entity, as well as new typologies for the points. We also show that our protocol is suitable to unravel potential cultural patterns regarding many attributes in lithic points as well as to explore if there are significant differences among previously defined types.

中文翻译：

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岩点技术分析的新提议：在理解南美洲东部狩猎采集者文化多样性中的应用

摘要 缺乏用于分析和比较多种石器制品组合的标准协议阻碍了对与史前狩猎采集群体相关的文化多样性的更好理解。几十年来，巴西考古学家将岩屑干点组合与一种被称为“Umbu 传统”的文化实体联系起来。然而，大多数对这种“传统”的组合联想是不考虑石器点的类型，也忽略了与石器工业、聚落模式等相关的其他元素。因此，自 1980 年代以来，一些研究一直在质疑这种传统的有效性。最近的研究提出了基于词干点类型学的先前相关的 Umbu 传统石器行业的新定义。然而，从来没有提供关于这些点的技术分析的原始数据。本文提出了一种用于岩点技术研究的协议，该协议允许应用描述性统计和多变量分析来验证这些类型是否存在显着差异。我们提供了关于位于假设的 Umbu 传统覆盖区域和时期的站点的 501 个岩屑点的技术分析的新数据，以及研究站点之一（Caetetuba 站点）的两个新的全新世早期 C14 日期。我们的结果证实了之前放弃 Umbu 传统作为有效文化实体的主张，以及这些点的新类型学。