Abstract The Brazilian parliament has emitted intentions on releasing mining within Amazonian indigenous lands since President Jair Bolsonaro took office in January 2019, disregarding the potential impacts of such activities on human livelihood and environmental conservation. The rapid and cluttered development of mining in the Brazilian Amazonia is historically related to local economic collapse, besides representing a global environmental risk. Here we bring a historical perspective of human activities in the Brazilian Amazonia, focusing on mining activities to discuss how it can threaten Amazonia's integrity, leading to negative consequences to biodiversity, human populations, and the world climate system. We also highlight the role of indigenous lands on buffering the impacts of human-induced environmental threats, which depends on government actions toward sustainable policies rather than inadequate environmental regulation aiming short term profits. Finally, we suggest the sustainable use of forest resources through the emission of green bonds, which may represent the best alternative to avoid the Amazonia depletion while allowing Brazilian economic growth.

中文翻译：

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新的巴西淘金热：亚马逊河有风险吗？

摘要 巴西议会自 2019 年 1 月总统贾尔·博尔索纳罗 (Jair Bolsonaro) 上任以来，一直有意在亚马逊土著土地上放矿，无视此类活动对人类生计和环境保护的潜在影响。巴西亚马逊地区采矿业的快速而杂乱的发展在历史上与当地经济崩溃有关，此外还代表着全球环境风险。在这里，我们带来了巴西亚马逊地区人类活动的历史视角，重点关注采矿活动，以讨论它如何威胁亚马逊地区的完整性，从而对生物多样性、人口和世界气候系统产生负面影响。我们还强调土著土地在缓冲人为环境威胁的影响方面的作用，这取决于政府采取可持续政策的行动，而不是针对短期利润的不适当的环境监管。最后，我们建议通过发行绿色债券可持续利用森林资源，这可能是避免亚马逊河枯竭同时促进巴西经济增长的最佳选择。