Interest in dairy calf rearing systems with cow-calf contact during the milk feeding period is increasing among farmers, advisors and researchers, but socio-economic consequences have only scarcely been investigated yet. In this research reflection we develop a suggestion for a socio-economic methodical framework that is suitable for the wide variation of cow calf rearing systems, farm, market and societal conditions. Based on a literature based, system-theoretical structuring of involved elements, and on full cost accounting in an exemplary case study concerning two model farms, we itemize monetary factors, and additionally important non-monetary factors, that should be included in a socio-economic evaluation. This process also revealed further research needs. We propose as a next research step to gather a greater number of real farm data including different rearing systems and to perform individual full cost accountings, in order to identify input and output patterns on this basis. This might not only help to provide a robust basis for economic decision making, but also help to fill research gaps concerning long-term effects of calf rearing with cow contact. In addition, ways should be explored on how to take non-monetary effects into account.

中文翻译：

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奶牛接触或不接触奶牛饲养系统的社会经济评估框架

农民、顾问和研究人员对在牛奶喂养期间与牛犊接触的奶牛饲养系统的兴趣正在增加，但社会经济后果几乎没有被调查过。在这项研究反思中，我们提出了一个社会经济方法框架的建议，该框架适用于各种不同的牛犊饲养系统、农场、市场和社会条件。基于相关要素的基于文献的系统理论结构，以及关于两个示范农场的示例性案例研究中的全成本核算，我们逐项列出货币因素，以及其他重要的非货币因素，这些因素应包括在社会-经济评价。这一过程也揭示了进一步的研究需求。我们建议下一个研究步骤是收集更多的真实农场数据，包括不同的饲养系统，并进行单独的全成本核算，以便在此基础上识别输​​入和输出模式。这可能不仅有助于为经济决策提供坚实的基础，而且有助于填补有关与奶牛接触饲养小牛的长期影响的研究空白。此外，应探讨如何考虑非货币效应。