Amazonian deforestation from slash‐and‐burn practices is a significant contributor to biomass burning within Brazil. Fires emit carbonaceous aerosols that negatively impact human health by increasing fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) exposure. These negative effects on health compound the already detrimental climatological and ecological impacts. Despite high biomass burning emissions in Brazil and the international attention drawn by the relaxation of Amazon protections in 2019, little is known about the health impacts from PM_2.5 exposure attributable to these fires. We estimate PM_2.5‐related premature deaths in Brazil associated with biomass burning, focusing on temporal, interannual, and spatial trends. We find that during the fire season of 2019, 4,966 (2,427, 8,340) premature deaths were attributable to fire emissions making up 10% (5, 17) of all PM_2.5‐related premature deaths in Brazil. Between the 2019 and 2018 seasons, fire emissions increased by 1.37 Tg (1.00, 2.18) or 115% (60, 201), which was responsible for an increase in health impacts of 2,109 (965, 3,623) premature deaths or 74% (54, 98). Biomass burning emissions throughout Brazil contribute significantly to premature deaths, with the largest burning events occurring in northwestern Brazil. The impact of fires on PM_2.5‐related premature deaths is highest in heavily populated regions despite their fires being 1 to 2 orders of magnitude smaller than the largest burning events. Results from this study characterize the extent to which elevated PM_2.5 exposure levels owing to fires affect public health in Brazil and present an additional, public health‐focused, support for increased Amazon protections.

中文翻译：

---

在2016年至2019年之间，巴西的过早死亡与亚马逊火灾中长期暴露于PM2.5有关。

刀耕火种的亚马逊森林砍伐是巴西境内生物质燃烧的重要原因。火灾会释放出碳质气溶胶，这些微粒会增加细颗粒物（PM _2.5）的暴露量，从而对人体健康产生负面影响。这些对健康的负面影响加剧了已经有害的气候和生态影响。尽管巴西的生物质燃烧排放量很高，并且2019年亚马逊保护措施的放宽引起了国际关注，但人们对由这些火灾引起的PM _2.5暴露对健康的影响知之甚少。我们估计PM _2.5与巴西有关的与生物质燃烧相关的过早死亡，重点是时间，年际和空间趋势。我们发现，在2019年的火灾季节中，有4,966（2,427，8,340）的过早死亡归因于火灾排放，占巴西所有与PM _2.5相关的过早死亡的10％（5、17）。在2019年至2018年季节之间，火灾排放量增加了1.37 Tg（1.00，2.18）或115％（60，201），这导致2,109（965，3,623）早产儿的健康影响或74％（54） ，98）。全巴西的生物质燃烧排放物极大地导致了过早死亡，其中最大的燃烧事件发生在巴西西北部。火灾对PM _2.5的影响尽管火势比最大的燃烧事件小1-2个数量级，但与之相关的过早死亡在人口稠密地区最高。这项研究的结果描述了火灾引起的PM _2.5暴露水平升高在多大程度上影响了巴西的公共卫生，并提出了以公共卫生为重点的额外支持，以加强亚马逊的保护。