Managers are increasingly being asked to integrate climate change adaptation into public land management. The literature discusses a range of adaptation approaches, including managing for resistance, resilience, and transformation; but many strategies have not yet been widely tested. This study employed in-depth interviews and scenario-based focus groups in the Upper Gunnison Basin in Colorado to learn how public land managers envision future ecosystem change, and how they plan to utilize different management approaches in the context of climate adaptation. While many managers evoked the past in thinking about projected climate impacts and potential responses, most managers in this study acknowledged and even embraced (if reluctantly) that many ecosystems will experience regime shifts in the face of climate change. However, accepting that future ecosystems will be different from past ecosystems led managers in different directions regarding how to respond and the appropriate role of management intervention. Some felt management actions should assist and even guide ecosystems toward future conditions. Others were less confident in projections and argued against transformation. Finally, some suggested that resilience could provide a middle path, allowing managers to help ecosystems adapt to change without predicting future ecosystem states. Scalar challenges and institutional constraints also influenced how managers thought about adaptation. Lack of institutional capacity was believed to constrain adaptation at larger scales. Resistance, in particular, was considered impractical at almost any scale due to institutional constraints. Managers negotiated scalar challenges and institutional constraints by nesting different approaches both spatially and temporally.

中文翻译：

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在公共土地上进行气候适应：关于生态系统变化和规模的观点如何与管理方法相互作用

越来越多的管理者被要求将气候变化适应纳入公共土地管理。文献讨论了一系列适应方法，包括对抵抗、复原力和转型进行管理；但许多策略尚未经过广泛测试。本研究在科罗拉多州的上甘尼森盆地进行了深入访谈和基于情景的焦点小组，以了解公共土地管理者如何展望未来的生态系统变化，以及他们如何计划在气候适应的背景下利用不同的管理方法。虽然许多管理人员在考虑预计的气候影响和潜在的反应时回顾过去，但本研究中的大多数管理人员承认甚至接受（如果不情愿）许多生态系统将在面对气候变化时经历体制转变。然而，接受未来的生态系统将与过去的生态系统不同，导致管理人员在如何应对和管理干预的适当作用方面走向不同的方向。一些人认为管理行动应该有助于甚至引导生态系统走向未来。其他人对预测缺乏信心，并反对转型。最后，一些人认为恢复力可以提供一条中间路径，使管理人员能够帮助生态系统适应变化，而无需预测未来的生态系统状态。标量挑战和制度约束也影响了管理者对适应的看法。机构能力的缺乏被认为限制了更大规模的适应。由于制度限制，抵抗尤其被认为在几乎任何规模上都是不切实际的。