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Bulk Deposition and Main Ionic Composition in a Remote Tropical Region: Nevado de Toluca, Mexico
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution ( IF 2.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-07-28 , DOI: 10.1007/s11270-020-04785-7
Diana Ibarra-Morales , Javier Alcocer , Luis A. Oseguera , Rodolfo Sosa-Echeverría

The Nevado de Toluca Natural Protected Area (Zona de Protección de Flora y Fauna Nevado de Toluca, ZPFFNT), Central Mexico, encompasses one of the four highest (> 4000 m a.s.l.) volcanoes in Mexico, Nevado de Toluca; an extended area of woodland surrounds this volcano. Although identified as a remote area based on its high altitude, the ZPFFNT is not far from the urban and industrial zones of Toluca (~20 km) and Mexico (~72 km) cities, which potentially threatens the environmental health of the ZPFFNT by emitting SO2 and NOX. Acid precipitation falling on areas with low alkaline reserve leads to environmental acidification and land degradation. To provide reliable data on the air pollution reaching the ZPFFNT and the related potential risks, our study analyzed the bulk atmospheric deposition chemistry and its temporal dynamics throughout an annual cycle. There are two well-defined seasons: (a) cold/dry with SW–NE wind direction and (b) warm/rainy with NE–SW wind direction. The pH, electric conductivity (K25), cations, Cl, and HCO3 were statistically higher in the cold/dry period. Differently, NO3 and SO42− showed steadier behavior. Bulk deposition pH remained acidic at all times but reached extreme low values from July to September during the warm/rainy season. In the cold/dry season, alkaline cations were important in partially neutralizing the acidic compounds from the urban and industrial zones of Toluca and Mexico cities. Previously assumed to be safe based on its remoteness, the ZPFFNT is threatened by acid precipitation, which demand the implementation of preventative and mitigating actions as part of a management plan to avoid environmental deterioration.

中文翻译:

偏远热带地区的大体积沉积和主要离子组成:墨西哥内华多·德·托卢卡

墨西哥中部的内华达·德·托卢卡自然保护区(ZPFFNT的Zona deProtecciónde Flora和Fauna Nevado·德·托卢卡自然保护区)是墨西哥内华多·德·托卢卡的四个最高(> 4000 m asl)火山之一。火山环绕着广阔的林地。尽管ZPFFNT被确定为高海拔偏远地区,但它距离Toluca(〜20 km)和墨西哥(〜72 km)城市的城市和工业区不远,这可能通过排放ZPFFNT威胁环境健康。 SO 2和NO X。酸沉淀落在碱性储量低的地区会导致环境酸化和土地退化。为了提供有关达到ZPFFNT的空气污染和相关潜在风险的可靠数据,我们的研究分析了整个年度周期内的大块大气沉积化学及其时间动态。有两个明确定义的季节:(a)西南偏北风向的寒冷/干燥和(b)东北偏南风向的暖/雨。pH值,电导率(K 25),阳离子,氯- ,和HCO 3 -分别在冷/干燥周期统计学更高。不同的是,NO 3 -和SO 4 2-表现出稳定的行为。总体沉积pH始终保持酸性,但在暖/雨季节从7月至9月达到极低的值。在寒冷/干燥的季节,碱性阳离子对于部分中和来自托卢卡和墨西哥城市和工业区的酸性化合物很重要。ZPFFNT以前因其偏远性而被认为是安全的,它受到酸沉淀的威胁,这要求采取预防和缓解措施作为管理计划的一部分,以避免环境恶化。
更新日期:2020-07-28
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