Pharmaceuticals, personal care products, synthetic hormones, and industrial manufacturing additives are used worldwide, and their residues are frequently detected in wastewater. In this study, a sensitive and selective method was developed and validated for the detection and quantification of 14 Emerging Contaminants (ECs) with various physico-chemical properties frequently found in wastewater. Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) allowed for extraction and concentration of the compounds. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in both positive and negative electrospray ionization mode was used for the analysis. Three different combinations of mobile phase, water + 0.1% formic acid : acetonitrile + 0.1% formic acid (3 compounds), water + 0.1% formic acid : methanol (5) and 10 mM ammonium acetate buffer : acetonitrile + 0.1% formic acid (6) gave the best chromatographic conditions to analyze the contaminants in real wastewater samples. Four different eluents at acidic and basic sample pH values were tested to optimize the SPE methodology, and three different dilution ratios (1 : 1, 2 : 1, and 5 : 1) were tested to reduce the matrix effect. Data validation was conducted using linearity, intra and inter-day repeatability, LOD/LOQ, percentage recovery, and percentage process efficiency studies. As a case study, a biological nutrient removal (BNR) based plant was tested for the presence of ECs using the developed method. Removal efficiency at different treatment stages was assessed. Most of the treatment occurred at the secondary treatment stage, whereas primary treatment and disinfection had little effect on removal. All the contaminants were found in the inlet wastewater. Estrone (E1), an endocrine disrupting compound, was reported for the first time in Indian wastewater at 376.2 ng L⁻¹. Seven, four, and two ECs were removed at high, medium, and low efficiencies, respectively. Carbamazepine showed negative removal. This study enhanced our understanding of the occurrence and fate of several ECs in BNR based treatment systems.

中文翻译：

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一种用于分析废水中多种新兴污染物的方法开发的系统方法：以生物营养去除为基础的植物的案例研究。

药品，个人护理产品，合成激素和工业制造添加剂在世界范围内使用，其残留物经常在废水中被检测到。在这项研究中，开发了一种灵敏且选择性的方法，用于检测和定量分析废水中经常发现的14种具有各种理化特性的新兴污染物（EC）。固相萃取（SPE）可以萃取和浓缩化合物。使用正和负电喷雾电离模式的液相色谱-质谱联用进行分析。流动相的三种不同组合，水+ 0.1％甲酸：乙腈+ 0.1％甲酸（3种化合物），水+ 0.1％甲酸：甲醇（5）和10 mM乙酸铵缓冲液：乙腈+ 0。1％的甲酸（6）提供了最佳的色谱条件，可以分析实际废水样品中的污染物。测试了在酸性和碱性样品pH值下的四种不同洗脱液以优化SPE方法，并测试了三种不同的稀释比例（1：1、2：1和5：1）以减少基质效应。使用线性，日内和日间重复性，LOD / LOQ，回收率百分比和过程效率百分比研究进行数据验证。作为案例研究，使用开发的方法测试了基于生物营养去除（BNR）的植物中EC的存在。评估了不同治疗阶段的去除效率。大多数治疗发生在二级治疗阶段，而一级治疗和消毒对去除效果影响很小。在进水废水中发现了所有污染物。在印度废水中首次报道内酯干扰化合物雌酮（E1）为376.2 ng L^-1。分别以高，中和低效率移除了七个EC，四个EC和两个EC。卡马西平显示阴性去除。这项研究增强了我们对基于BNR的治疗系统中几种EC的发生和命运的了解。