Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are characterized as extracellular DNA fibers comprised of histone and cytoplasmic granule proteins. NETs were first described as a form of innate response against pathogen invasion, which can capture pathogens, degrade bacterial toxic factors, and kill bacteria. Additionally, NETs also provide a scaffold for protein and cell binding. Protein binding to NETs further activate the coagulation system which participates in thrombosis. In addition, NETs also can damage the tissues due to the proteins they carry. Many studies have suggested that the excessive formation of NETs may contribute to a range of diseases, including thrombosis, atherosclerosis, autoimmune diseases, and sepsis. In this review, we describe the structure and components of NETs, models of NET formation, and detection methods. We also discuss the molecular mechanism of NET formation and their disease relevance. Modulation of NET formation may provide a new route for the prevention and treatment of releated human diseases.

中文翻译：

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中性粒细胞胞外陷阱：信号特性和疾病相关性。

中性粒细胞胞外捕获物（NETs）的特征是由组蛋白和细胞质颗粒蛋白组成的细胞外DNA纤维。NETs首先被描述为一种针对病原体入侵的先天应答形式，可以捕获病原体，降解细菌毒性因子并杀死细菌。此外，NET还提供了蛋白质和细胞结合的支架。蛋白质与NET的结合进一步激活了参与血栓形成的凝血系统。此外，NETs也可能由于其携带的蛋白质而损伤组织。许多研究表明，NET的过度形成可能导致一系列疾病，包括血栓形成，动脉粥样硬化，自身免疫性疾病和败血症。在这篇综述中，我们描述了NET的结构和组件，NET形成的模型以及检测方法。我们还讨论了NET形成的分子机制及其疾病相关性。NET形成的调控可能为预防和治疗人类相关疾病提供一条新途径。