This brief survey article examines the strategies to cope with plague in early modern Italy, often hailed at the time and by historians as the country that provided the model for public health policies in other parts of Europe and even formed the basis for policies in subsequent centuries The study is organised according to three mains themes that are familiar today, containment, mitigation, quarantine, which also lay at the heart of plague strategies in early modern Europe The starting point will be to determine which measures contemporaries believed were particularly efficacious, through the lens of their own understanding of disease Then, by juxtaposing recent historical and demographic studies, I examine the application and effectiveness of public health measures in a country that was comprised of a series of larger and smaller states In the process, I seek to raise wider questions about whether it was human intervention or non-human factors, in particular regional ecology, that determined the impact of plague in particular areas

中文翻译：

---

看不见的敌人：在现代早期的意大利抗击瘟疫

这篇简短的调查文章探讨了现代早期意大利应对瘟疫的策略，当时意大利经常被历史学家誉为为欧洲其他地区的公共卫生政策提供模式的国家，甚至为随后几个世纪的政策奠定了基础该研究根据当今熟悉的三个主要主题进行组织，即遏制、缓解、隔离，这也是现代早期欧洲瘟疫战略的核心。起点将是确定同时代人认为特别有效的措施，通过他们自己对疾病的理解然后，通过并列最近的历史和人口研究，我检查了一个由一系列大小国家组成的国家的公共卫生措施的应用和有效性在此过程中，我试图提出更广泛的问题，即是人为干预还是非人为因素，特别是区域生态，这决定了瘟疫在特定地区的影响