Biosensors have been extensively studied in the areas of biology, electronics, chemistry, biotechnology, medicine, and various engineering fields. The interdisciplinarity creates an ideal platform for scientists to analyze biological species and chemical materials in a direct, efficient, and sensitive manner; this is expected to revolutionize the life sciences, basic medicine, and the healthcare industry. To carry out high-performance biosensing, nanoprobes – with specific nanoscale properties – have been proposed for ultrasensitive and in situ monitoring/detection of tracer biomolecules, cellular behavior, cellular microenvironments, and electrophysiological activity. Here, we review the development of vertical nanowire (VNW) array-based devices for the effective collection of biomedical information at the molecular level, extracellular level, and intracellular level. In particular, we summarize VNW-based technologies in the aspects of detecting biochemical information, cellular information, and bioelectrical information, all of which facilitate the understanding of fundamental biology and development of therapeutic techniques. Finally, we present a conclusion and prospects for the development of VNW platforms in practical biomedical applications, and we identify the challenges and opportunities for VNW-based biosensor systems in future biological research.

中文翻译：

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基于垂直纳米线阵列的生物传感器：设备设计策略和生物医学应用。

生物传感器已在生物学，电子学，化学，生物技术，医学和各种工程领域中进行了广泛的研究。跨学科性为科学家以直接，高效和敏感的方式分析生物物种和化学材料创造了理想的平台；预计这将彻底改变生命科学，基础医学和医疗保健行业。为了进行高性能的生物传感，已经提出了具有特定纳米级特性的纳米探针，用于超灵敏的原位检测。监视/检测示踪生物分子，细胞行为，细胞微环境和电生理活动。在这里，我们回顾了基于垂直纳米线（VNW）阵列的设备的发展，以在分子水平，细胞外水平和细胞内水平有效收集生物医学信息。特别是，我们在检测生化信息，细胞信息和生物电信息方面总结了基于VNW的技术，所有这些技术都有助于对基础生物学的了解和治疗技术的发展。最后，我们给出了在实际生物医学应用中VNW平台开发的结论和前景，并且我们确定了基于VNW的生物传感器系统在未来生物学研究中的挑战和机遇。