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Permafrost active layer
Earth-Science Reviews ( IF 12.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103301
Wojciech Dobiński

Abstract This article discusses the properties and occurrence of an active layer (AL) in the near-surface of the lithosphere in glacial and periglacial environments. This layer shows a seasonal variability in temperature, as a result of the climate. The AL, as classically understood, seasonally thaws and freezes, while in glacial environments it usually only reaches 0 °C. The definition of AL is currently not consistent with the definition of permafrost, even though both concepts usually appear linked. For these terms to be comparable, both should be defined based on temperature variability and not exclusively on phase change. Thus, the AL would be described not only as the upper section of perennially frozen ground presenting seasonal thaw-freeze cycles (# 1) but as a layer presenting a seasonal variation in temperature (# 2). Classical active layer can be thawed to a depth of approximately 2–8 cm, the thickest AL reaches over 20 m. In the particularly favorable conditions AL might be completely absent with the permafrost beginning at the ground surface. In glacial and sub-marine permafrost environments, the AL includes a layer of liquid water that seasonally accompanies the permafrost. Glaciers and ice sheets are usually devoid of the classical AL. In both cases, the AL is usually horizontal, but in specific terrains such as sea shore cliffs or karst environments, the AL may have a vertical course and may even be reversed. Both AL and permafrost are common in other frozen bodies in the solar system, differing mainly in their thermal character.

中文翻译:

多年冻土活动层

摘要 本文讨论了冰川和冰缘环境中岩石圈近地表活动层 (AL) 的性质和发生情况。由于气候的原因,该图层显示温度的季节性变化。正如经典理解的那样,AL 会季节性解冻和冻结,而在冰川环境中,它通常只会达到 0 °C。AL 的定义目前与永久冻土的定义不一致,尽管这两个概念通常看起来是有联系的。为了使这些术语具有可比性,两者都应基于温度变化而不是仅基于相变来定义。因此,AL 不仅被描述为呈现季节性融冻循环的常年冻土的上部(#1),而且被描述为呈现温度季节性变化的层(#2)。经典活性层可以解冻到大约 2-8 cm 的深度,最厚的 AL 达到 20 m 以上。在特别有利的条件下,AL 可能完全不存在,永久冻土开始于地表。在冰川和海底永久冻土环境中,AL 包括一层季节性地伴随永久冻土的液态水。冰川和冰盖通常没有经典的 AL。在这两种情况下,AL 通常是水平的,但在海岸悬崖或岩溶环境等特定地形中,AL 可能具有垂直路线,甚至可能会颠倒。AL 和永久冻土在太阳系的其他冰冻天体中都很常见,主要区别在于它们的热特性。在特别有利的条件下,AL 可能完全不存在,永久冻土开始于地表。在冰川和海底永久冻土环境中,AL 包括一层季节性地伴随永久冻土的液态水。冰川和冰盖通常没有经典的 AL。在这两种情况下,AL 通常是水平的,但在海岸悬崖或岩溶环境等特定地形中,AL 可能具有垂直路线,甚至可能会颠倒。AL 和永久冻土在太阳系的其他冰冻天体中都很常见,主要区别在于它们的热特性。在特别有利的条件下,AL 可能完全不存在,永久冻土开始于地表。在冰川和海底永久冻土环境中,AL 包括一层季节性地伴随永久冻土的液态水。冰川和冰盖通常没有经典的 AL。在这两种情况下,AL 通常是水平的,但在海岸悬崖或岩溶环境等特定地形中,AL 可能具有垂直路线,甚至可能会颠倒。AL 和永久冻土在太阳系的其他冰冻天体中都很常见,主要区别在于它们的热特性。冰川和冰盖通常没有经典的 AL。在这两种情况下,AL 通常是水平的,但在海岸悬崖或岩溶环境等特定地形中,AL 可能具有垂直路线,甚至可能会颠倒。AL 和永久冻土在太阳系的其他冰冻天体中都很常见,主要区别在于它们的热特性。冰川和冰盖通常没有经典的 AL。在这两种情况下,AL 通常是水平的,但在海岸悬崖或岩溶环境等特定地形中,AL 可能具有垂直路线,甚至可能会颠倒。AL 和永久冻土在太阳系的其他冰冻天体中都很常见,主要区别在于它们的热特性。
更新日期:2020-09-01
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