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A Geological Perspective on Climate Change and Building Stone Deterioration in London: Implications for Urban Stone-Built Heritage Research and Management
Atmosphere ( IF 2.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-07-26 , DOI: 10.3390/atmos11080788 Sudeshna Basu , Scott Allan Orr , Yasemin D. Aktas
Atmosphere ( IF 2.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-07-26 , DOI: 10.3390/atmos11080788 Sudeshna Basu , Scott Allan Orr , Yasemin D. Aktas
The decay rates of building stones and, the processes leading to their deterioration is governed by intrinsic properties such as texture, mineralogy, porosity and pore size distribution, along with other extrinsic factors related to the climate and anthropogenic activities. For urban cities such as London, the influence of extrinsic factors like temperature and rainfall, as well as the concentrations of air pollutants, such as sulphur and nitrogen oxides, along with the emissions of carbonaceous aerosols, can be particularly significant. While considering the long-term preservation of building stones used in various heritage sites in the city, it is imperative to consider how the stone could be affected by the changing air pollutant concentrations, superimposed on the effects of climate change in the region, including rising average annual temperature and precipitation with a hotter, drier summer and, warmer, wetter winter months. This paper deals with the intrinsic rock properties of the common building stones of London, including limestone, marble, granite, sandstone, slate, flint as well as bricks, building on known characteristics including strength and durability that determine how and where they are placed in a building structure. The study reviews how these stones decay due to different processes such as salt weathering in sandstone, microcracking of quartz with kaolinisation of K-feldspar and biotite in granite and dissolution of calcite and dolomite, followed by precipitation of sulphate minerals in the carbonate rocks of limestone and marble. In the urban environment of London, with progressive build up in the concentration of atmospheric nitrogen oxides leading to an increasingly acidic environment and, with predicted climate change, the diverse stone-built heritage will be affected. For example, there can be enhanced carbonate dissolution in limestone with increased annual precipitation. Due to the prolonged wetter winter, any sandstone building stone will also undergo greater damage with a deeper wetting front. On the other hand, due to predicted wetter and warmer winter months, microcracking of any plagioclase in a granite is unlikely, thereby reducing the access of fluid and air pollutants to the Ca-rich core of the zoned crystals limiting the process of sericitisation. Management of the building stones in London should include routine expert visual inspection for signs of deterioration, along with mineralogical and compositional analyses and assessment of any recession rate.
中文翻译:
伦敦关于气候变化和建筑石材退化的地质观点:对城市石制遗产研究和管理的启示
建筑石材的腐烂率以及导致其腐烂的过程受固有属性(例如质地,矿物学,孔隙度和孔径分布)以及与气候和人为活动相关的其他外部因素的控制。对于伦敦这样的城市而言,诸如温度和降雨之类的外部因素以及诸如硫和氮氧化物之类的空气污染物的浓度以及碳质气溶胶的排放的影响尤其显着。在考虑长期保护该城市各种遗址中使用的建筑石材时,必须考虑如何通过不断变化的空气污染物浓度(与该地区的气候变化影响相叠加)影响石材,包括年均气温升高和夏季较干燥,冬季较暖和潮湿的降水。本文探讨了伦敦常见建筑石材的固有岩石特性,包括石灰石,大理石,花岗岩,砂岩,板岩,fl石和砖头,并基于强度和耐用性等已知特征确定了它们放置的方式和位置。建筑结构。这项研究回顾了这些石头如何因不同的过程而腐烂,例如砂岩中的盐风化,石英的微裂纹,钾长石和黑云母在花岗岩中的高岭土化,方解石和白云石的溶解,以及硫酸盐矿物在石灰石的碳酸盐岩中的沉淀。和大理石。在伦敦的城市环境中,随着大气中氮氧化物浓度的逐步增加,导致酸性环境日益增强,并且随着气候变化的预测,各种石材建造的遗产将受到影响。例如,随着年降水量的增加,碳酸盐在石灰石中的溶解可能会增强。由于长期潮湿的冬天,任何砂岩建筑石材也会在潮湿的前部遭受更大的破坏。另一方面,由于预计冬季更湿润和温暖,花岗岩中斜斜石的微裂纹不可能发生,从而减少了流体和空气污染物进入带状晶体富含钙的核心的通道,从而限制了浆化过程。伦敦的建筑石材管理应包括常规的专家目视检查,以检查是否有变质迹象,
更新日期:2020-07-26
中文翻译:
伦敦关于气候变化和建筑石材退化的地质观点:对城市石制遗产研究和管理的启示
建筑石材的腐烂率以及导致其腐烂的过程受固有属性(例如质地,矿物学,孔隙度和孔径分布)以及与气候和人为活动相关的其他外部因素的控制。对于伦敦这样的城市而言,诸如温度和降雨之类的外部因素以及诸如硫和氮氧化物之类的空气污染物的浓度以及碳质气溶胶的排放的影响尤其显着。在考虑长期保护该城市各种遗址中使用的建筑石材时,必须考虑如何通过不断变化的空气污染物浓度(与该地区的气候变化影响相叠加)影响石材,包括年均气温升高和夏季较干燥,冬季较暖和潮湿的降水。本文探讨了伦敦常见建筑石材的固有岩石特性,包括石灰石,大理石,花岗岩,砂岩,板岩,fl石和砖头,并基于强度和耐用性等已知特征确定了它们放置的方式和位置。建筑结构。这项研究回顾了这些石头如何因不同的过程而腐烂,例如砂岩中的盐风化,石英的微裂纹,钾长石和黑云母在花岗岩中的高岭土化,方解石和白云石的溶解,以及硫酸盐矿物在石灰石的碳酸盐岩中的沉淀。和大理石。在伦敦的城市环境中,随着大气中氮氧化物浓度的逐步增加,导致酸性环境日益增强,并且随着气候变化的预测,各种石材建造的遗产将受到影响。例如,随着年降水量的增加,碳酸盐在石灰石中的溶解可能会增强。由于长期潮湿的冬天,任何砂岩建筑石材也会在潮湿的前部遭受更大的破坏。另一方面,由于预计冬季更湿润和温暖,花岗岩中斜斜石的微裂纹不可能发生,从而减少了流体和空气污染物进入带状晶体富含钙的核心的通道,从而限制了浆化过程。伦敦的建筑石材管理应包括常规的专家目视检查,以检查是否有变质迹象,