Immobilization of light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) in porous sediment materials is directly associated with the physicochemical properties of both the sediment materials and the fluids. This study investigated the efficiency of carbonate (calcite) and clay (kaolinite) minerals in immobilizing the migration of LNAPL (e.g. crude-oil and diesel), through a blend of the materials with sand without chemical additives. In this study, BET (Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller) method was used to obtain the surface area of sand, carbonate, and clay materials. Fluid properties (surface tension, and density) were measured with Krüss K11 force tensiometer while viscosity was determined with the Anton Paar MCR 302 Rheometer. Secondly, natural materials known to possess adsorptive capacities were characterized, tested, and compared. In this work, adsorbent-blends were created and mixed with sand material to achieve a comparable textural distribution. From the LNAPL migration experiment, both Adsorbent and Cl-Adsorbent showed high adsorptive efficiency for crude-oil and diesel, respectively. In comparison, Absorbent-1&2 exhibited stronger adsorption than Cl-Adsorbent1&2 under same conditions. The results demonstrate that Adsorbent-1&2 is most efficient in immobilizing LNAPL. Moreover, increasing the weight of adsorbent and combining mineral adsorbents from different materials, significantly reduced LNAPL distribution. Thirdly, a process termed “Vapor Expulsion Technique (VET)”, through which LNAPL-contaminated model-sand was treated with $N_2$ gas was developed. VET is a method for immobilizing LNAPL subsurface migration in oil-contaminated soil. Based on decrease in LNAPL penetration-depths, the study observed that Adsorbent-2 and the VET yielded 36%, and 64% LNAPL immobilization efficiencies (IE, %), respectively.

轻质非水相液体（LNAPLs）在多孔沉积物中的固定化与沉积物和流体的物理化学性质直接相关。这项研究研究了碳酸盐（方解石）和粘土（高岭石）矿物通过将材料与不含化学添加剂的沙子混合而固定化LNAPL（例如原油和柴油）迁移的效率。在这项研究中，使用BET（布鲁诺尔，埃米特和特勒）方法来获得沙子，碳酸盐和粘土材料的表面积。流体性质（表面张力和密度）用KrüssK11力张力计测量，而粘度用Anton Paar MCR 302流变仪测定。其次，对已知具有吸附能力的天然材料进行表征，测试和比较。在这项工作中 产生了吸附剂共混物，并与沙子材料混合以获得可比较的纹理分布。根据LNAPL迁移实验，吸附剂和Cl-吸附剂分别显示出对原油和柴油的高吸附效率。相比之下，在相同条件下，Absorbent-1＆2的吸附性能优于Cl -Adsorbent1＆2。结果表明，吸附剂1＆2在固定LNAPL方面最有效。此外，增加吸附剂的重量并组合来自不同材料的矿物吸附剂，可显着降低LNAPL分布。第三，称为“蒸汽驱除技术（VET）”的过程，通过该过程对LNAPL污染的模型砂进行处理${ñ}_2$天然气被开发出来。VET是在油污土壤中固定LNAPL地下迁移的方法。基于LNAPL渗透深度的减少，研究发现Adsorbent-2和VET分别产生了36％和64％的LNAPL固定化效率（IE，％）。