In the 1960s, software development centered on single-purpose applications to run on stand-alone computers. The intervening decades have seen exponential growth in system complexity with, for example, integrated enterprise-wide suites of integrated capabilities serving users across the globe. Enterprise system infrastructure includes multiple levels of security, collaboration capabilities for the people working as teams, fraud detection, and data fusion, to name but a few. These aspects add to the complexity of the application. Also, software can do more as a result of processing speed and data storage. This special issue presents three papers, each of which considers the complexity of current systems from a different perspective. The first paper, “Decision Problems in Blockchain Governance: Old Wine in New Bottles or Walking in Someone Else’s Shoes? ” by Rafael Ziolkowski, Gianluca Miscione, and Gerhard Schwabe, addresses the complex question of managing software capabilities built on blockchain technology. Current research presents a wide array of novel potentially disruptive blockchain application domains, but a recent Gartner survey of CEO’s found that few companies have current plans to implement such applications. A primary impediment appears to be that managers still do not understand how it works or what they can do with it. This paper focuses on complex issues pertaining to the governance of blockchain systems derived from examination of 14 such systems in four application domains. Based on academic literature, semi-structured interviews with representatives from those organizations, and content analysis of grey literature, common problems in blockchain governance have been singled out and contextualized. The identification of these problems enriches the scarce body of knowledge on the governance of blockchain systems, resulting in a better understanding of how blockchain governance links to existing concepts and how it is enacted in practice. The next paper, “Idea Convergence Quality in Open Innovation Crowdsourcing: A Cognitive Load Perspective” by Xusen Chen, Shizuan Fu, Triparna de Vreede, GertJan de Vreede, Isabella Seeber, Ronald Maier, and Barbara Weber, examines another complexity challenge. Today’s systems can support large-scale collaboration involving hundreds or thousands of people who are using vast stores of semi-structured and unstructured data: how can participants converge on and build shared understanding of the ideas that will be useful for attaining their goals in a short amount of time? This paper prototypes and tests a solution. The exemplar domain for this study is an open innovation crowdsourcing application for online crowds that can quickly converge from massive

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特别部分：企业软件日益增长的复杂性

在 1960 年代，软件开发集中于在独立计算机上运行的单一用途应用程序。在此期间，系统复杂性呈指数级增长，例如，为全球用户提供服务的集成企业范围的集成功能套件。企业系统基础架构包括多个级别的安全性、团队协作功能、欺诈检测和数据融合，仅举几例。这些方面增加了应用程序的复杂性。此外，由于处理速度和数据存储，软件可以做得更多。本期特刊介绍了三篇论文，每篇论文都从不同的角度考虑了当前系统的复杂性。第一篇论文，“区块链治理中的决策问题：新瓶装旧酒还是穿别人的鞋子走路？” 由 Rafael Ziolkowski、Gianluca Miscione 和 Gerhard Schwabe 撰写，解决了管理基于区块链技术的软件功能的复杂问题。当前的研究提出了一系列具有潜在破坏性的新型区块链应用领域，但最近 Gartner 对 CEO 的一项调查发现，目前很少有公司计划实施此类应用。一个主要的障碍似乎是经理们仍然不了解它是如何工作的或他们可以用它做什么。本文重点讨论与区块链系统治理相关的复杂问题，这些问题源自对四个应用领域中的 14 个此类系统的检查。基于学术文献、对这些组织代表的半结构化访谈以及灰色文献的内容分析，区块链治理中的常见问题已被挑选出来并进行了情境化。这些问题的识别丰富了关于区块链系统治理的稀缺知识体系，从而更好地理解区块链治理如何与现有概念联系起来以及如何在实践中实施。下一篇论文“开放式创新众包中的理念融合质量：认知负荷视角”由 Xusen Chen、Shizuan Fu、Triparna de Vreede、GertJan de Vreede、Isabella Seeber、Ronald Maier 和 Barbara Weber 撰写，探讨了另一个复杂性挑战。今天的系统可以支持涉及数百或数千人的大规模协作，这些人正在使用大量半结构化和非结构化数据：参与者如何才能集中并建立对有助于在短时间内实现目标的想法的共同理解？本文对一个解决方案进行原型设计和测试。本研究的示例领域是一个开放式创新众包应用程序，适用于在线人群，可以从大量人群中快速融合。