Evolutionary changes in organisms are directly observable, and they can occur rapidly in the presence of strong natural selection. Here, we present the “airport ecology” to describe the rapid evolution of animals. The pygmy grasshopper Tetrix japonica exhibits significant variations in pronotum color and markings and is a good model organism for “airport ecology.” There are trade‐offs in black‐spot markings in the pygmy grasshoppers; although it helps in camouflaging and reducing predation pressure, it stimulates overheating, resulting in a reduction in mating opportunities and foraging success under high solar irradiance. Therefore, the frequency of black‐spotted morphs is lower at lower latitudes than at higher latitudes along a latitudinal cline. However, in an airport where predation pressure is reduced by the removal of predatory bird populations, we predict that the frequency of black‐spotted morphs of T. japonica will be lower in habitats without predators than in those with predators at the same latitude; this demonstrates the anthropogenic effect on T. japonica polymorphism. As suggested here, predator‐free environments such as airports are valuable for illustrating the effects of anthropogenic activity on animal evolution. These findings can be extended to several other species that are found around airports and are potentially preferred by avian predators in terms of not only rapid evolution of color polymorphism but also evolution of various life‐history traits.

中文翻译：

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想法文件：机场生态，没有捕食压力的环境驱动着进化

直接观察到生物的进化变化，并且在强烈的自然选择下它们可以迅速发生。在这里，我们提出了“机场生态学”来描述动物的快速进化。侏儒蚱TeTetrix japonica在前胸背板的颜色和标记上表现出显着变化，并且是“机场生态学”的良好模式生物。在侏儒蝗虫中，黑点标记需要权衡取舍；尽管它有助于伪装并降低捕食压力，但它会刺激过热，从而减少了交配的机会，并在高太阳辐照度下觅食成功。因此，在纬度较低的纬度上，沿纬度纬线的黑点形态的频率要低于纬度较高的纬度。然而，在机场，其中，通过去除捕食鸟类种群的减少捕食压力，我们预测的黑色斑点的变种的频率T.粳没有掠食者的生境比在相同纬度有掠食者的生境要低；这证明了人为对粳稻多态性的影响。如此处所建议，无掠食性环境（例如机场）对于说明人为活动对动物进化的影响非常有价值。这些发现可以扩展到在机场附近发现的其他几个物种，不仅在颜色多态性的快速发展，而且在各种生命历史特征的发展方面，都可能被鸟类捕食者所偏爱。