Ancient man‐made glass artefacts provide vital information about the physical and chemical processes occurring over the long‐term period of weathering conditions. Despite the obvious complications associated with purity, non‐optimal conditions of synthesis and unknown thermal prehistory, the studies are important in the context of surface chemical degradation and structural relaxation theories. The soda‐lime‐silica glass from the sixth‐century bce period of Eastern Europe are studied in this paper by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and electron microscopy techniques. The dense, amorphous, about 43 μm‐thick SiO₂ layer was detected on the surface of all artefacts; it formed a sharp boundary with the rest of the bulk. Thermal studies show that the ancient soda‐lime‐silica glass did not lose much enthalpy during about 2600 years of natural storage. The results suggest important modifications to a general glass corrosion theory and favour the existence of a terminal temperature for glass relaxation, below which the enthalpy of a macrosystem remains stable. Although the applied methods are rarely used in archaeology, the developed approach allows the value of recovered glass artefacts to be expanded beyond just their cultural or historical significance.

中文翻译：

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通过研究古代人造制品对玻璃老化的补救见解

古代的人造玻璃制品可提供有关长期风化条件下发生的物理和化学过程的重要信息。尽管存在与纯度，非最佳合成条件和未知的热史相关的明显并发症，但这些研究在表面化学降解和结构弛豫理论的背景下仍然很重要。本文通过X射线光电子能谱，差示扫描量热法和电子显微镜技术研究了东欧公元前六世纪的钠钙硅玻璃。致密，无定形，厚度约43μm的SiO ₂在所有人工制品的表面上都检测到了一层；它与其余大部分形成清晰的边界。热学研究表明，在大约2600年的自然存储期间，古老的钠钙硅玻璃并未损失太多的焓。结果表明，对一般的玻璃腐蚀理论进行了重要的修改，并且有利于存在用于玻璃松弛的最终温度，在该温度以下，宏观系统的焓保持稳定。尽管在考古学中很少使用所应用的方法，但已开发的方法允许将回收的玻璃制品的价值扩展到不仅仅是其文化或历史意义上。