Chemokines are small protein molecules associated with various physiological events precisely in immune modulation via chemokine receptors. The chemokine receptors are G-protein coupled receptors express mainly on the cell surface of immune cells. Retroviruses, including HIV in the early stage of infection, primarily target chemokines receptors and get internalized easily into immune cells; T cell and escape from immune surveillance. HIV glycoprotein selectively develops an affinity for the extracellular domain of chemokines receptors and allows the pathogen to internalize via CCR-5. Now, CCR-5 remains a crucial signaling pathway that can be translated into the therapeutic target by changing the receptor protein environment. Many populations have a mutation in coding and promoter regions of CCR-5, tuning a resistance for HIV infection. Natively, there are several mechanisms where the human genome remains in the dynamic state by changing its composition and acquiring variations. Single nucleotide polymorphism is spontaneous phenomenon responsible for precise and point mutation at the genome. Several studies have demonstrated that European and African American populations are enriched in significant CCR5 promoter SNP (CCR5Δ32) in the coding and promoter region as well. Now, such SNP can be an early-stage biomarker in studying HIV and other similar infections. Here, in this study, we have elucidated the role of SNP (both the promoter and coding region) and the fate of HIV infections. We also empathized with the genetics of such SNPs, mostly frequency and its immunological impact.

趋化因子是通过趋化因子受体在免疫调节中与各种生理事件相关的小蛋白质分子。趋化因子受体是 G 蛋白偶联受体，主要表达在免疫细胞的细胞表面。逆转录病毒，包括感染早期的 HIV，主要针对趋化因子受体，很容易被内化到免疫细胞中；T 细胞和逃避免疫监视。HIV 糖蛋白选择性地对趋化因子受体的细胞外结构域产生亲和力，并允许病原体通过 CCR-5 内化。现在，CCR-5 仍然是一个关键的信号通路，可以通过改变受体蛋白环境将其转化为治疗靶点。许多人群在 CCR-5 的编码区和启动子区发生了突变，从而调整了对 HIV 感染的抵抗力。原生地，有几种机制可以使人类基因组通过改变其组成和获得变异而保持动态状态。单核苷酸多态性是导致基因组精确和点突变的自发现象。几项研究表明，欧洲和非洲裔美国人人群的编码和启动子区域也富含显着的 CCR5 启动子 SNP (CCR5Δ32)。现在，这种 SNP 可以成为研究 HIV 和其他类似感染的早期生物标志物。在这里，在这项研究中，我们阐明了 SNP（启动子和编码区）的作用和 HIV 感染的命运。我们还同情此类 SNP 的遗传学，主要是频率及其免疫学影响。