Tumor recurrence rate after surgery or ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is as high as 70%. However, there are no widely accepted adjuvant therapies; therefore, no treatment has been recommended by guidelines from the American Association for the Study of Liver Disease or the European Association for the Study of the Liver. All the registered trials failed to find any treatment to prolong recurrence-free survival, which is the primary outcome in most studies, including sorafenib. Some investigator-initiated studies revealed that anti-hepatitis B virus agents, interferon-α, transcatheter chemoembolization, chemokine-induced killer cells, and other treatments prolonged patient recurrence-free survival or overall survival after curative therapies. In this review, we summarize the current status of adjuvant treatments for HCC and explain the challenges associated with designing a clinical trial for adjuvant therapy. Promising new treatments being used as adjuvant therapy, especially anti-PD-1 antibodies, are also discussed.

手术切除或消融肝细胞癌（HCC）后的肿瘤复发率高达70％。但是，目前还没有被广泛接受的辅助疗法。因此，美国肝病研究协会或欧洲肝病研究协会的指南未建议任何治疗方法。所有注册的试验均未找到延长无复发生存期的任何治疗方法，这是包括索拉非尼在内的大多数研究的主要结果。一些研究人员发起的研究表明，抗乙型肝炎病毒药物，干扰素-α，经导管化学栓塞，趋化因子诱导的杀伤细胞和其他治疗方法可延长患者的无复发生存期或治愈后的总体生存期。在这篇评论中 我们总结了HCC辅助治疗的现状，并解释了与设计辅助治疗临床试验相关的挑战。还讨论了有望用作辅助治疗的新疗法，尤其是抗PD-1抗体。