Objective

Osteoporosis is a bone disease characterized by bone mass reduction with a prevalence of approximately 34–48% in Saudi Arabia. Many risk factors can increase osteoporosis fracture, including low vitamin K levels. However, its exact role on bone mineral density (BMD) remains under investigated. This study aims to determine whether dietary vitamin K is associated with BMD, inflammation, undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) and other bone markers among adult Saudi females.

Methods

A total of 138 Saudi females aged 25 and above were recruited from different primary health care centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and were divided according to BMD status (N = 53 normal; N = 85 low BMD). Each participant completed a food frequency questionnaire. Anthropometrics were measured and serum 25(OH)D and vitamin K, bone markers (ucOC and CTX) and cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α) were assessed using assays.

Results

Low dietary vitamin K intakes were observed in both groups, ranging only 16–19 µg/day. A positive association was seen between dietary vitamin K and IL-6 in low BMD group and TNF-α in all participants. No significant association was seen between dietary vitamin K and BMD.

Conclusion

Dietary vitamin K is significantly associated with inflammation and not BMD in adult Saudi females. The alarmingly low dietary vitamin K intake is worth investigating further.

中文翻译：

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沙特成年女性饮食中维生素K和骨标志物的关联

目的

骨质疏松症是一种以骨量减少为特征的骨病，在沙特阿拉伯的患病率约为34–48％。许多危险因素会增加骨质疏松症的骨折，包括低维生素K水平。但是，其对骨矿物质密度（BMD）的确切作用仍在研究中。这项研究旨在确定饮食维生素K是否与成年沙特女性中的BMD，炎症，羧化骨钙素（ucOC）不足和其他骨标记有关。

方法

从沙特阿拉伯利雅得不同的初级保健中心招募了138名25岁及以上的沙特女性，并根据BMD状况进行了划分（N = 53正常； N = 85低BMD）。每个参与者完成了食物频率问卷调查。测量人体测量学，并使用测定法评估血清25（OH）D和维生素K，骨标志物（ucOC和CTX）和细胞因子（IL-6，TNF-α）。

结果

两组均发现饮食中维生素K摄入量低，仅为16–19 µg /天。低BMD组的膳食维生素K和IL-6与所有参与者的TNF-α呈正相关。饮食中维生素K和BMD之间没有显着相关性。

结论

在沙特成年女性中，饮食中的维生素K与炎症显着相关，而与BMD无关。饮食中维生素K摄入量低得惊人，值得进一步研究。