This study aimed to investigate the insecticidal activity and toxicity durability of Plantago major seed (PMS) extract loaded nanoliposomes against Tribolium castaneum. The major constituents of PMS extract were determined by GC–MS: benzene dicarboxylic acid (23.49%), dodecane (9.17%), 1-ethynylcyclopentanol (7.36%), heptadecane (6.47%) and cyclohexanol (4.56%). The Characterization of Plantago major seed extract loaded nanoliposomes was investigated by SEM, DLS, ζ-potential, FTIR, and encapsulation efficiency. The mean particle size distribution of PMS nanoliposomes is 50 ± 1.8 nm with PDI 0.41 ± 0.014. The ζ-potential of PMS extract loaded nanoliposomes was equal to − 27.23 ± 5.31 mV. The encapsulation efficiency of nanoliposomes containing PMS extract was 96%. PMS extract loaded nanoliposomes have a spherical shape. FTIR reveals interactions of the PMS extract in nanoliposome structures with phospholipid groups. To determine the insecticidal potential of Plantago major seed extract nanoliposomes were impregnated with concentration (10, 25, 40, 65, 80, and 100 mg/ml). During fumigant testing, the LC₅₀ of the Plantago major seed extract was 39.30 mg/ml against Tribolium castaneum adults after 72 h of exposure time. The requirement decreased to 35.50 mg/ml after the nanoencapsulation of plant extract for 72 h of exposure of time. The mortality percentage of Tribolium castaneum by PMS extract and PMS extract loaded nanoliposomes (V: 100 mg/ml) for 60 days after the production of samples 16.25% and 62.50%., respectively. The release percentage of Plantago major seed extracts loaded nanoliposomes was 54% after 24 h. The conclusions of this study indicate that nano-encapsulated Plantago major seed extracts have good effects on the pest, and can be an effective alternative to synthetic pesticides.Graphic abstract Plantago major seed (PMS) extract loaded nanoliposomes have a good insecticidal effect on Tribolium castaneum.

中文翻译：

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车前草主要种子提取物来源的天然纳米农药可用于控制锥栗

这项研究旨在探讨的杀虫活性和毒性耐久性车前子主要种子（PMS）提取物对装载纳米脂质体赤拟谷盗。PMS提取物的主要成分由GC-MS确定：苯二甲酸（23.49％），十二烷（9.17％），1-乙炔基环戊醇（7.36％），十七烷（6.47％）和环己醇（4.56％）。车前草的特性通过SEM，DLS，ζ电位，FTIR和包封效率研究了载有主要种子提取物的纳米脂质体。PMS纳米脂质体的平均粒径分布为50±1.8 nm，PDI为0.41±0.014。PMS提取物负载的纳米脂质体的ζ电位等于-27.23±5.31 mV。含有PMS提取物的纳米脂质体的包封率为96％。载有PMS提取物的纳米脂质体具有球形形状。FTIR揭示了纳米脂质体结构中PMS提取物与磷脂基团的相互作用。为了确定车前草的主要种子提取物的杀虫潜力，将纳米脂质体以浓度（10、25、40、65、80和100 mg / ml）浸渍。在熏蒸剂测试中，LC ₅₀中的车前子暴露72小时后，针对Tribolium castaneum成虫的主要种子提取物为39.30 mg / ml 。在将植物提取物纳米囊化72小时后，其需求量降至35.50 mg / ml。制备样品后60天，PMS提取物和PMS提取物负载的纳米脂质体（V：100 mg / ml）的cast三叶草的死亡率分别为16.25％和62.50％。24小时后，车前子主要种子提取物负载的纳米脂质体的释放率为54％。这项研究的结论表明，纳米封装的车前子主要种子提取物对害虫有很好的作用，并且可以作为合成农药的有效替代品。图形抽象 车前草载有主要种子（PMS）提取物的纳米脂质体对cast藜（Tribolium castaneum）具有良好的杀虫作用。