Abstract

The present investigation aimed to design a best performing improved photocatalytic-active material of extensive implications and suitable to achieve the emerging needs of water pollution abatement. In view of the above, the present research work planned to synthesized nickel and phosphorus double-doped TiO₂ (NPT’s) by the sol–gel process, characterized by advanced instrumental techniques and applied for the abatement of methylene blue (MB) under visible light. Characterization results demonstrated that nickel and phosphorus co-doped TiO₂ samples showed anatase phase determined by XRD. Structural aspects such as smooth surface with spherical shape morphology, less band gap, less particle size, and high surface area when compared with bare TiO₂ were determined by SEM, UV–Vis. DRS, TEM and BET, respectively. The elemental composition and oxidation states were identified by XPS analysis. The substitutional doping of Ti⁴⁺ ion by Ni²⁺, P⁵⁺ ion and P³⁻ ion with oxygen in the TiO₂ lattice was evaluated by FT-IR spectroscopy. Based on the characterization results, the catalyst NPT5 was applied for the abatement of MB at various optimum reaction conditions, with pH 10, catalyst weight 0.1 g/l and starting MB concentration 10 mg/l. At these reaction conditions, the degradation was completed within 75 min in the visible light. The photostability of the NPT5 was verified by recycling up to five cycles. Finally, this research work was concluded with a plausible mechanism, using reactive species generated during the degradation process and these species were simultaneously tested using scavenger reagents.

Graphic abstract

中文翻译：

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高效可循环使用的可见光活性镍-磷共掺杂TiO 2纳米催化剂，用于消除亚甲基蓝染料

摘要

本研究旨在设计一种性能最佳的改进型光催化活性材料，具有广泛的意义，并适合满足减少水污染的新需求。有鉴于此，本研究计划通过溶胶-凝胶法合成镍和磷双掺杂的TiO ₂（NPT's），其特征在于先进的仪器技术，并用于可见光下的亚甲基蓝（MB）的消除。 。表征结果表明，镍和磷共掺杂的TiO ₂样品具有X射线衍射测定的锐钛矿相。与裸露的TiO ₂相比，结构方面如具有球形形态的光滑表面，较小的带隙，较小的粒径和较大的表面积通过SEM，UV-Vis测定。DRS，TEM和BET。通过XPS分析鉴定元素组成和氧化态。TiO _2中Ni 2 ⁺，P ⁵⁺离子和P ^3-离子对Ti ⁴⁺离子的氧取代掺杂通过FT-IR光谱评价晶格。根据表征结果，将催化剂NPT5应用于pH值为10，催化剂重量为0.1 g / l和起始MB浓度为10 mg / l的各种最佳反应条件下的MB减排。在这些反应条件下，降解在可见光下的75分钟内完成。NPT5的光稳定性通过回收多达五个循环来验证。最后，这项研究工作以合理的机制得出结论，即使用了降解过程中产生的反应性物种，并使用清除剂同时测试了这些物种。

图形摘要