Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is a rich source of flavonoids and therefore widely used therapeutically as an antioxidant agent in traditional medicine. The present study was undertaken to study the bone regenerating property of dried Spinacia oleracea extract (DSE) and self-emulsifying formulation of the extract (FDSE) on drill-hole model of fracture repair in rats. 0.8 mm hole was drilled in the diaphyseal region of femur in adult SD rats. DSE and formulated extract (FDSE) was administered orally and fractured femur was collected after treatment regimen. Micro-CT, transcriptional analysis and measurement of calcein intensity of callus formed at the injured site was performed to study the efficacy of the extract and formulation on bone regeneration. Further, compounds from extract were assessed for in-vitro osteoblast activity. Micro-architecture of the regenerated bone at injured site exhibited 26% (p < 0.001) and 35% (p < 0.01) increased BV/TV (bone volume /tissue volume) and Tb.N. (trabecular number) for DSE (500 mg.kg− 1). Further, FDSE exhibited similar augmentation in BV/TV (p < 0.01) and Tb. N (p < 0.01) parameters at dose of 250 mg.kg− 1. Analogous results were obtained from transcriptional analysis and calcein intensity at the fractured site. 3-O-Methylpatuletin, one of the compound isolated from the extract stimulated the differentiation and mineralization of primary osteoblast and depicted concentration dependent antagonizing effect of H2O2 in osteoblast apparently, minimizing ROS generation thus affectivity in fracture repair. The present study showed that bone regenerating property of spinach was augmented by formulating extract to deliverable form and can be further studied to develop as therapeutic agent for fracture repair.

中文翻译：

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菠菜的自乳化制剂可降低剂量并提高生物活性化合物的生物利用度，从而促进大鼠骨折修复

菠菜（Spinacia oleracea）是类黄酮的丰富来源，因此在治疗上广泛用作传统医学中的抗氧化剂。本研究旨在研究干菠菜提取物（DSE）的骨再生特性和提取物的自乳化制剂（FDSE）在大鼠骨折修复的钻孔模型中的作用。在成年SD大鼠的股骨干骨区钻了0.8mm的孔。口服DSE和配方提取物（FDSE），治疗方案后收集股骨骨折。进行了微CT，转录分析和在受伤部位形成的愈伤组织钙黄绿素强度的测定，以研究提取物和制剂对骨再生的功效。此外，评估了提取物中的化合物的体外成骨细胞活性。受伤部位的再生骨微结构显示BV / TV（骨体积/组织体积）和Tb.N增加了26％（p <0.001）和35％（p <0.01）。（小梁数）DSE（500 mg.kg-1）。此外，FDSE在BV / TV（p <0.01）和Tb中表现出相似的增强。剂量为250 mg.kg-1时的N（p <0.01）个参数。从断裂部位的转录分析和钙黄绿素强度获得了类似的结果。3-O-甲基patuletin，从提取物中分离出的一种化合物，刺激了原代成骨细胞的分化和矿化作用，并且明显地表现出H2O2在成骨细胞中的浓度依赖性拮抗作用，从而使ROS的产生最小化，从而在骨折修复中的影响最小。