The increasing extent and frequency of fires globally requires nuanced understanding of the drivers of large-scale events for improved prevention and mitigation. Yet, the drivers of fires are often poorly understood by various stakeholders in spatially expansive and temporally dynamic landscapes. Further, perceptions about the main cause of fires vary amongst stakeholders, which amplify ongoing challenges from policies being implemented inconsistently across different governance levels. Here, we develop a spatially and temporally-explicit typology of fire prevalence across Kalimantan, Indonesia, a region with significant contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions. Based on livelihood information and data on climate, soil type and forest degradation status, we find that in intact forest the density of fires in villages that largely coincide with oil palm concessions was twice as high as in villages outside the concessions across all years. Fires occurring in degraded land on mineral soil across all years were also most prevalent in villages with industrial plantations (oil palm or timber). On the other hand, in degraded peatland, where fires are most intense during dry years induced by the El Niño episodes, occurrence rates were high regardless of village primary livelihoods. Based on these findings we recommend two key priorities for fire mitigation going forward for policy across different governance levels in Kalimantan: degraded peatland as the priority area and industrial plantations as the priority sector. Our study suggests a fire prevention and mitigation approach, which accounts for climate, land type and village livelihood, has the potential to deliver more effective means of management.

全球大火的程度和频率不断增加，需要对大规模事件的起因进行细微的了解，以改善预防和缓解能力。但是，在空间扩展和时间动态景观中，各种利益相关者通常对火灾的起因了解不多。此外，各利益相关方对火灾起因的看法也各不相同，这加剧了在不同治理级别实施不一致的政策带来的持续挑战。在这里，我们开发了印度尼西亚加里曼丹地区的火灾流行的时空明确类型学，该地区对全球温室气体排放有重要贡献。根据生计信息和有关气候，土壤类型和森林退化状况的数据，我们发现，在原始森林中，与油棕特许经营在很大程度上吻合的村庄的火灾密度，全年都是在特许经营之外的村庄的两倍。多年以来，在矿物土壤退化土地上发生的火灾在工业种植园（油棕或木材）的村庄中也最为普遍。另一方面，在退化的泥炭地，在厄尔尼诺事件引起的干旱期间火灾最为严重，无论村庄的主要生计如何，其发生率都很高。根据这些发现，我们建议加里曼丹不同治理级别的政策应优先考虑两个主要的防火措施：退化的泥炭地为优先区域，工业种植园为优先部门。我们的研究建议采用一种防火和减灾的方法，该方法可解决气候，