The integration of genetic, morphological, behavioral, and ecological information in the analysis of species boundaries has increased, allowing integrative systematics that better reflect the evolutionary history of biological groups. In this context, the goal of this study was to recognize independent evolutionary lineages within Euphonia affinis at the genetic, morphological, and ecological levels. Three subspecies have been described: E. affinis godmani, distributed in the Pacific slope from southern Sonora to Guerrero; E. affinis affinis, from Oaxaca, Chiapas and the Yucatan Peninsula to Costa Rica; and E. affinis olmecorum from Tamaulipas and San Luis Potosi east to northern Chiapas (not recognized by some authors). A multilocus analysis was performed using mitochondrial and nuclear genes. These analyses suggest two genetic lineages: E. godmani and E. affinis, which diverged between 1.34 and 4.3 My, a period in which the ice ages and global cooling fragmented the tropical forests throughout the Neotropics. To analyze morphometric variations, six morphometric measurements were taken, and the Wilcoxon Test was applied to look for sexual dimorphism and differences between the lineages. Behavioral information was included, by performing vocalization analysis which showed significant differences in the temporal characteristics of calls. Finally, Ecological Niche Models were estimated with MaxEnt, and then compared using the method of Broennimann. These analyses showed that the lineage distributed in western Mexico (E. godmani) has a more restricted niche than the eastern lineage (E. affinis) and thus we rejected the hypotheses of niche equivalence and similarity. Based on the combined evidence from genetic, morphological, behavioral, and ecological data, it is concluded that E. affinis (with E. olmecorum as its synonym) and E. godmani represent two independent evolutionary lineages.

中文翻译：

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多基因座，表型，行为和生态位利基分析提供了近亲属中的两个物种的证据（Aves，Fringillidae）。

在物种边界分析中，遗传，形态，行为和生态信息的整合增加了，从而使整合系统能够更好地反映生物群体的进化历史。在这种情况下，本研究的目的是在基因，形态和生态水平上识别近亲属中的独立进化谱系。已经描述了三个亚种：E。affinis godmani，分布在从索诺拉南部到格雷罗的太平洋斜坡上；E. affinis affinis，从瓦哈卡州，恰帕斯州和尤加坦半岛到哥斯达黎加；从塔毛利帕斯州和圣路易斯波托西东至恰帕斯州北部的链球菌（一些作者未认识到）。使用线粒体和核基因进行多基因座分析。这些分析提示了两个遗传谱系：E. Godmani和E. affinis的差异介于1.34和4.3 My之间，在这段时期，冰河时期和全球变冷使整个新热带地区的热带森林破碎化。为了分析形态变化，进行了六次形态测量，并使用Wilcoxon检验来寻找性二态性和谱系之间的差异。通过执行发声分析，其中包括行为信息，该分析显示了呼叫的时间特征上的显着差异。最后，利用MaxEnt估算生态位模型，然后使用Broennimann方法进行比较。这些分析表明，分布在墨西哥西部（E. godmani）的血统比东部血统（E. affinis）具有更受限制的生态位，因此我们拒绝了生态位等效和相似的假设。