Groundwater vulnerability has increased in recent decades due to several factors, but mainly due to climate change. In this study, we applied a complex approach to determine groundwater vulnerability at a regional scale in the Piedmont region including high-resolution climate models. Aquifers, terrain model, climate data, land cover, and groundwater monitoring stations data of nitrate (NO₃) concentration were the main layers used for the vulnerability and risk mapping. Validation of the groundwater vulnerability map consisted of pixel pair comparison (PPC) using the quality status of a monitored groundwater station, dating from 2005 to 2012. The groundwater vulnerability maps that related to the 1990s and 2020s periods indicated very high and high vulnerability of groundwater in the central and eastern parts of the region, especially in the porous aquifers of Po Plain. The areas with very low and low vulnerability extend into the north and west, mainly in the non-aquiferous media and fissured aquifers. The future scenarios of groundwater vulnerability indicate a consistent increase of the very high vulnerability class, from the 1990s to the 2050s periods, in all scenarios, and mainly in the Po Plain.

中文翻译：

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气候变化下皮埃蒙特地区的地下水脆弱性

近几十年来，由于多种因素，但主要由于气候变化，地下水的脆弱性有所增加。在这项研究中，我们采用了一种复杂的方法来确定皮埃蒙特地区区域规模的地下水脆弱性，包括高分辨率气候模型。硝酸盐（NO _3）的含水层，地形模型，气候数据，土地覆盖和地下水监测站数据）集中度是用于漏洞和风险映射的主要层。地下水脆弱性图的验证包括使用2005年至2012年监测的地下水站的质量状态的像素对比较（PPC）。与1990年代和2020年代时期有关的地下水脆弱性图表明，地下水的脆弱性非常高在该地区的中部和东部，特别是在普平原的多孔含水层中。脆弱性极低的地区延伸到北部和西部，主要分布在非含水层介质和裂隙含水层中。从1990年代到2050年代，在所有情景中，主要是在波平原，未来的地下水脆弱性情景都表明极高的脆弱性类别将持续增加。