Microtubules (MTs) are an essential component of the neuronal cytoskeleton; they are involved in various aspects of neuron development, maintenance, and functions including polarization, synaptic plasticity, and transport. Neuronal MTs are highly heterogeneous due to the presence of multiple tubulin isotypes and extensive post‐translational modifications (PTMs). These PTMs—most notably detyrosination, acetylation, and polyglutamylation—have emerged as important regulators of the neuronal microtubule cytoskeleton. With this review, we summarize what is currently known about the impact of tubulin PTMs on microtubule dynamics, neuronal differentiation, plasticity, and transport as well as on brain function in normal and pathological conditions, in particular during neuro‐degeneration. The main therapeutic approaches to neuro‐diseases based on the modulation of tubulin PTMs are also summarized. Overall, the review indicates how tubulin PTMs can generate a large number of functionally specialized microtubule sub‐networks, each of which is crucial to specific neuronal features.

中文翻译：

---

微管蛋白翻译后修饰控制神经元发育和功能

微管 (MT) 是神经元细胞骨架的重要组成部分；它们参与神经元发育、维护和功能的各个方面，包括极化、突触可塑性和运输。由于存在多种微管蛋白同种型和广泛的翻译后修饰 (PTM)，神经元 MT 具有高度异质性。这些翻译后修饰——最显着的是去酪氨酸化、乙酰化和多谷氨酰化——已成为神经元微管细胞骨架的重要调节剂。通过这篇综述，我们总结了目前已知的关于微管蛋白翻译后修饰对微管动力学、神经元分化、可塑性和运输以及在正常和病理条件下，特别是在神经退行性变期间的脑功能的影响。还总结了基于微管蛋白 PTM 调节的神经疾病的主要治疗方法。总体而言，该综述表明微管蛋白 PTM 如何生成大量功能特化的微管子网络，每个子网络对特定的神经元特征都至关重要。