In the present study, a commercial TiO₂, several BiVO₄ photocatalysts, a WO₃ nanomaterial, and their composites were used to prepare photocatalytic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) ultrafilter membranes. Their photocatalytic activities and the effects of coatings on the filtration of oil‐in‐water emulsion (crude oil; c_oil = 100 mg L⁻¹) were investigated. Fluxes, filtration resistances, purification efficiencies, and fouling resistance abilities—like flux decay ratios (FDRs) and flux recovery ratios (FRRs)—were compared. The solar light‐induced photocatalytic decomposition of the foulants was also investigated. WO₃ was used as a composite component to suppress the electron–hole recombination with the goal of achieving higher photocatalytic activity, but the presence of WO₃ was not beneficial concerning the filtration properties. However, the application of TiO₂, one of the investigated BiVO₄ photocatalysts, and their composites was also beneficial. In the case of the neat membrane, only 87 L m⁻² h⁻¹ flux was measured, whereas with the most beneficial BiVO₄ coating, 464 L m⁻² h⁻¹ flux was achieved. Pure BiVO₄ coating was more beneficial in terms of filtration properties, whereas pure TiO₂ coating proved to be more beneficial concerning the photocatalytic regeneration of the membrane. The TiO₂(80%)/BiVO₄(20%) composite was estimated to be the most beneficial combination taking into account both the aspects of photocatalytic activity and filtration properties.

中文翻译：

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TiO2，BiVO4和WO3纳米材料在用于水包油乳液分离的先进光催化膜中的适用性研究

在本研究中，商业TiO ₂，几种BiVO ₄光催化剂，WO ₃纳米材料及其复合材料被用来制备光催化聚偏二氟乙烯（PVDF）超滤膜。研究了它们的光催化活性以及涂料对水包油乳液（原油； c_油= 100 mg L ^-1）过滤的影响。比较了助焊剂，过滤阻力，净化效率和防污能力（例如通量衰减率（FDR）和通量回收率（FRR））。还研究了太阳光引起污垢的光催化分解。WO ₃为了实现更高的光催化活性，将其用作抑制电子-空穴复合的复合组分，但是WO ₃的存在对过滤性能无益。然而，被研究的BiVO ₄光催化剂之一的TiO ₂及其复合物的应用也是有益的。在纯膜的情况下，仅测量到87 L m ^-2 h ^-1的通量，而使用最有益的BiVO ₄涂层，则获得464 L m ^-2 h ^-1的通量。纯BiVO ₄涂层在过滤性能方面更有利，而纯TiO ₂事实证明，涂层对膜的光催化再生更有利。考虑到光催化活性和过滤特性，TiO ₂（80％）/ BiVO ₄（20％）复合材料是最有益的组合。