Abstract As an emerging technology in K-12 education, 3D printing has gained much attention from educators and researchers. However, meaningful 3D printing integration in K-12 curricula is still scarce, and little is known about how teachers' beliefs and the integration in science classrooms may influence student motivation. This study examined the influence of teachers' beliefs and 3D printing integration in science classrooms on students' science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) motivation, which is essential for students' academic experiences and future careers. Study sample included 26 teachers across 6 states in the U.S. and 1,501 students who engaged with STEM learning using 3D printing in the context of paleontology. Teachers' lesson plans were analyzed to examine 3D printing and STEM integration levels. Teachers' beliefs and students' STEM motivation were assessed with previously validated scales. Multilevel modeling analyses indicated that while teachers' beliefs and 3D printing integration levels were non-significant predictors, teachers' STEM integration levels positively predicted students’ math motivation. Interaction effects were observed between student variables (student gender and pretest scores) and teacher variables (teacher beliefs and 3D printing integration). This study provides implications for both 3D printing integration practice and future research.

中文翻译：

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探究教师信念与3D打印一体化STEM教学对学生STEM学习动机的影响

摘要 作为 K-12 教育的新兴技术，3D 打印受到教育工作者和研究人员的广泛关注。然而，在 K-12 课程中有意义的 3D 打印整合仍然很少，而且对教师的信念和科学课堂的整合如何影响学生学习动机知之甚少。本研究考察了教师的信念和科学课堂中的 3D 打印集成对学生科学、技术、工程和数学 (STEM) 动机的影响，这对学生的学术经历和未来职业至关重要。研究样本包括美国 6 个州的 26 名教师和在古生物学背景下使用 3D 打印进行 STEM 学习的 1,501 名学生。分析教师的课程计划以检查 3D 打印和 STEM 集成水平。教师的信念和学生的 STEM 动机使用先前验证过的量表进行评估。多级建模分析表明，虽然教师的信念和 3D 打印集成水平是不显着的预测因素，但教师的 STEM 集成水平正预测学生的数学动机。观察学生变量（学生性别和预测试分数）和教师变量（教师信念和 3D 打印集成）之间的交互作用。这项研究为 3D 打印集成实践和未来研究提供了启示。STEM 整合水平积极预测学生的数学动机。观察学生变量（学生性别和预测试分数）和教师变量（教师信念和 3D 打印集成）之间的交互作用。这项研究为 3D 打印集成实践和未来研究提供了启示。STEM 整合水平积极预测学生的数学动机。观察学生变量（学生性别和预测试分数）和教师变量（教师信念和 3D 打印集成）之间的交互作用。这项研究为 3D 打印集成实践和未来研究提供了启示。