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How to escape from insect egg parasitoids: a review of potential factors explaining parasitoid absence across the Insecta
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences ( IF 4.7 ) Pub Date : 2020-07-22 , DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0344
N E Fatouros 1 , A Cusumano 2 , F Bin 3 , A Polaszek 4 , J C van Lenteren 5
Affiliation  

The egg is the first life stage directly exposed to the environment in oviparous animals, including many vertebrates and most arthropods. Eggs are vulnerable and prone to mortality risks. In arthropods, one of the most common egg mortality factors is attack from parasitoids. Yet, parasitoids that attack the egg stage are absent in more than half of all insect (sub)orders. In this review, we explore possible causes explaining why eggs of some insect taxa are not parasitized. Many insect (sub)orders that are not attacked by egg parasitoids lack herbivorous species, with some notable exceptions. Factors we consider to have led to escape from egg parasitism are parental egg care, rapid egg development, small egg size, hiding eggs, by e.g. placing them into the soil, applying egg coatings or having thick chorions preventing egg penetration, eusociality, and egg cannibalism. A quantitative network analysis of host–parasitoid associations shows that the five most-speciose genera of egg parasitoids display patterns of specificity with respect to certain insect orders, especially Lepidoptera and Hemiptera, largely including herbivorous species that deposit their eggs on plants. Finally, we discuss the many counteradaptations that particularly herbivorous species have developed to lower the risk of attack by egg parasitoids.

中文翻译:

如何逃离虫卵寄生物:对解释整个昆虫纲寄生物缺乏的潜在因素的回顾

卵是卵生动物(包括许多脊椎动物和大多数节肢动物)直接暴露于环境的第一个生命阶段。鸡蛋很脆弱,容易出现死亡风险。在节肢动物中,最常见的卵死亡因素之一是寄生蜂的攻击。然而,超过一半的昆虫(亚)目中不存在攻击卵期的寄生蜂。在这篇综述中,我们探讨了解释为什么某些昆虫类群的卵不被寄生的可能原因。许多不受卵寄生物攻击的昆虫(亚)目缺乏食草物种,但有一些值得注意的例外。我们认为导致摆脱卵寄生的因素是父母的卵子护理、卵子的快速发育、小卵子大小、隐藏卵子,例如将它们放入土壤中、涂抹卵子涂层或具有厚厚的绒毛膜以防止卵子渗透、社会性、和鸡蛋同类相食。宿主-寄生蜂关联的定量网络分析表明,卵寄生蜂的五个最特异的属对某些昆虫目显示出特异性模式,尤其是鳞翅目和半翅目,主要包括将卵产在植物上的食草物种。最后,我们讨论了特别是草食性物种为降低卵寄生物攻击的风险而开发的许多逆适应。
更新日期:2020-07-22
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