Mutualistic networks, which describe the ecological interactions between multiple types of species such as plants and pollinators, play a paramount role in the generation of Earth’s biodiversity. The resilience of a mutualistic network denotes its ability to retain basic functionality when errors and failures threaten the persistence of the community. Under the disturbances of mass extinctions and human-induced disasters, it is crucial to understand how mutualistic networks respond to changes, which enables the system to increase resilience and tolerate further damages. Despite recent advances in the modelling of the structure-based adaptation, we lack mathematical and computational models to describe and capture the co-adaptation between the structure and dynamics of mutualistic networks. In this paper, we incorporate dynamic features into the adaptation of structure and propose a co-adaptation model that drastically enhances the resilience of non-adaptive and structure-based adaptation models. Surprisingly, the reason for the enhancement is that the co-adaptation mechanism simultaneously increases the heterogeneity of the mutualistic network significantly without changing its connectance. Owing to the broad applications of mutualistic networks, our findings offer new ways to design mechanisms that enhance the resilience of many other systems, such as smart infrastructures and social–economical systems.

中文翻译：

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共同适应增强了互惠网络的弹​​性

互惠网络描述了植物和传粉媒介等多种物种之间的生态相互作用，在地球生物多样性的产生中发挥着至关重要的作用。互惠网络的弹​​性表示当错误和失败威胁到社区的持久性时，它能够保留基本功能。在大规模灭绝和人为灾害的干扰下，了解共生网络如何应对变化至关重要，这使系统能够提高弹性并容忍进一步的损害。尽管最近在基于结构的适应建模方面取得了进展，但我们缺乏数学和计算模型来描述和捕获互惠网络的结构和动力学之间的协同适应。在本文中，我们将动态特征纳入结构适应中，并提出了一种协同适应模型，该模型极大地增强了非自适应和基于结构的适应模型的弹性。令人惊讶的是，增强的原因是共适应机制同时显着增加了互惠网络的异质性，而不会改变其连接。由于互惠网络的广泛应用，我们的研究结果提供了设计机制的新方法，以增强许多其他系统的弹性，例如智能基础设施和社会经济系统。增强的原因是共适应机制同时显着增加了互惠网络的异质性，而不会改变其连接。由于互惠网络的广泛应用，我们的研究结果提供了设计机制的新方法，以增强许多其他系统的弹性，例如智能基础设施和社会经济系统。增强的原因是共适应机制同时显着增加了互惠网络的异质性，而不会改变其连接。由于互惠网络的广泛应用，我们的研究结果提供了设计机制的新方法，以增强许多其他系统的弹性，例如智能基础设施和社会经济系统。