Abstract

The Newtonian gravitational constant G, which is one of the most important fundamental physical constants in nature, plays a significant role in the fields of theoretical physics, geophysics, astrophysics and astronomy. Although G was the first physical constant to be introduced in the history of science, it is considered to be one of the most difficult to measure accurately so far. Over the past two decades, eleven precision measurements of the gravitational constant have been performed, and the latest recommended value for G published by the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) is (6.674 08 ± 0.000 31) × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻² with a relative uncertainty of 47 parts per million. This uncertainty is the smallest compared with previous CODATA recommended values of G; however, it remains a relatively large uncertainty among other fundamental physical constants. In this paper we briefly review the history of the G measurement, and introduce eleven values of G adopted in CODATA 2014 after 2000 and our latest two values published in 2018 using two independent methods.

中文翻译：

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牛顿引力常数的精密测量

摘要

牛顿万有引力常数G是自然界最重要的基本物理常数之一，在理论物理、地球物理学、天体物理学和天文学等领域都发挥着重要作用。尽管G是科学史上第一个引入的物理常数，但它被认为是迄今为止最难准确测量的物理常数之一。在过去的二十年里，已经进行了 11 次引力常数的精密测量，科学技术数据委员会（CODATA）发布的最新推荐的G值为 (6.674 08 ± 0.000 31) × 10 ^-11  m ³公斤^-1秒^-2相对不确定性为百万分之 47。与之前的 CODATA 推荐值G相比，这种不确定性是最小的；然而，在其他基本物理常数中，它仍然是一个相对较大的不确定性。在本文中，我们简要回顾了G测量的历史，并使用两种独立的方法介绍了 2000 年后 CODATA 2014 中采用的11 个G值和我们在 2018 年发布的最新两个值。