Mycorrhizas are among the most important biological interkingdom interactions, as they involve ~340,000 land plants and ~50,000 taxa of soil fungi. In these mutually beneficial interactions, fungi receive photosynthesis-derived carbon and provide the host plant with mineral nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen in exchange. More than 150 years of research on mycorrhizas has raised awareness of their biology, biodiversity and ecological impact. In this Review, we focus on recent phylogenomic, molecular and cell biology studies to present the current state of knowledge of the origin of mycorrhizal fungi and the evolutionary history of their relationship with land plants. As mycorrhizas feature a variety of phenotypes, depending on partner taxonomy, physiology and cellular interactions, we explore similarities and differences between mycorrhizal types. During evolution, mycorrhizal fungi have refined their biotrophic capabilities to take advantage of their hosts as food sources and protective niches, while plants have developed multiple strategies to accommodate diverse fungal symbionts. Intimate associations with pervasive ecological success have originated at the crossroads between these two evolutionary pathways. Our understanding of the biological processes underlying these symbioses, where fungi act as biofertilizers and bioprotectors, provides the tools to design biotechnological applications addressing environmental and agricultural challenges.

菌根是最重要的生物相互作用之一，涉及约340,000种陆地植物和50,000种土壤真菌类群。在这些互利的相互作用中，真菌接受光合作用衍生的碳，并为宿主植物提供矿物质营养素，例如磷和氮作为交换。150多年来对菌根的研究提高了对其生物学，生物多样性和生态影响的认识。在这篇综述中，我们集中于最近的植物遗传学，分子生物学和细胞生物学研究，以介绍有关菌根真菌起源及其与陆地植物关系的进化史的当前知识状态。由于菌根具有多种表型，具体取决于伴侣的分类法，生理学和细胞相互作用，我们探讨了菌根类型之间的异同。在进化过程中，菌根真菌改善了其生物营养能力，以利用宿主作为食物来源和保护性壁ni，而植物则开发了多种策略来适应各种真菌共生体。与普遍的生态学成功的密切联系起源于这两种进化途径之间的交叉路口。我们对这些共生的潜在生物过程的理解（真菌是生物肥料和生物保护剂），为设计解决环境和农业挑战的生物技术应用提供了工具。植物已经开发出多种策略来适应各种真菌共生体。与普遍的生态学成功的密切联系起源于这两种进化途径之间的交叉路口。我们对这些共生的潜在生物过程的理解（真菌是生物肥料和生物保护剂），为设计解决环境和农业挑战的生物技术应用提供了工具。植物已经开发出多种策略来适应各种真菌共生体。与普遍的生态学成功的密切联系起源于这两种进化途径之间的交叉路口。我们对这些共生的潜在生物过程的理解（真菌是生物肥料和生物保护剂），为设计解决环境和农业挑战的生物技术应用提供了工具。