Due to pressing environmental concerns, there is a global consensus to commit to a sustainable energy future. Germany has embraced Energiewende, a bold sustainable energy policy of no operational nuclear plants by 2022. California has set an ambitious goal that mandates 50% renewable penetration by 2025, 60% by 2030, and 100% by 2045 [1]. The vast integration of renewable energy into the power grid imposes daunting challenges on the conventional supply-side control paradigm. First, renewable energy is intermittent and uncertain. Integrating renewable energy will reduce the system inertia, inject undesirable variability, and substantially increase the need for system reserves. These reserves are typically provided by conventional generators. However, conventional generators have limited capacity and ramping rate, and they produce carbon emissions that defeat the carbon benefit of renewable integration. On the other hand, the increasing penetration of renewable energy also squeezes the response time needed to balance the power grid. That is, the time required to make critical operating decisions is decreasing from minutes to seconds and, in some cases, even subseconds due to the increasing variability of supply and demand. The shorter response time for decision making places significant challenges on the conventional power grid, which requires human interaction.

中文翻译：

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交易能源系统：分布式能源的基于市场的协调

由于迫切的环境问题，全球致力于实现可持续的能源未来。德国拥护了Energiewende，这是一项大胆的可持续能源政策，到2022年将不再运营核电厂。加利福尼亚设定了一个雄心勃勃的目标，要求到2025年使可再生能源普及率达到50％，到2030年达到60％，到2045年达到100％[1]。可再生能源在电网中的广泛集成给传统的供应方控制模式提出了艰巨的挑战。首先，可再生能源是间歇性和不确定性的。集成可再生能源将减少系统惯性，注入不希望的可变性，并显着增加对系统储备的需求。这些储备通常由常规发电机提供。但是，常规发电机的容量和倾斜率有限，它们产生的碳排放量使可再生能源整合的碳效益无法实现。另一方面，可再生能源的日益普及也压缩了平衡电网所需的响应时间。就是说，由于供求关系的不断变化，做出关键操作决策所需的时间从几分钟减少到几秒钟，在某些情况下甚至减少到几秒钟。决策的响应时间较短，这对常规电网提出了重大挑战，这需要人工干预。在某些情况下，由于供求关系的不断变化，甚至不到几秒钟。决策的响应时间较短，这对常规电网提出了重大挑战，这需要人工干预。在某些情况下，由于供求关系的不断变化，甚至不到几秒钟。决策的响应时间较短，这对常规电网提出了重大挑战，这需要人工干预。