Regulations and the voluntary activities of manufacturers have led to a market shift in the use of flame retardants (FRs). Accordingly, organophosphate ester flame retardants (OPFRs) have emerged as a replacement for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). One of the widely used OPFRs is tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), the considerable usage of which has reached 1.0 Mt globally. High concentrations of TCEP in indoor dust (∼2.0 × 10⁵ ng g⁻¹), its detection in nearly all foodstuffs (max. concentration of ∼30–300 ng g⁻¹ or ng L⁻¹), human body burden, and toxicological properties as revealed by meta-analysis make TCEP hard to distinguish from traditional FRs, and this situation requires researchers to rethink whether or not TCEP is an appropriate choice as a new FR. However, there are many unresolved issues, which may impede global health agencies in framing stringent regulations and manufacturers considering the meticulous use of TCEP. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to highlight the factors that influence TCEP emissions from its sources, its bioaccessibility, threat of trophic transfer, and toxicogenomics in order to provide better insight into its emergence as an FR. Finally, remediation strategies for dealing with TCEP emissions, and future research directions are addressed.

中文翻译：

---

磷酸三（2-氯乙基）酯，一种普遍使用的阻燃剂：关于其向环境排放和对人类毒性的批评观点。

法规和制造商的自愿活动已导致使用阻燃剂（FR）的市场发生转变。因此，已经出现了有机磷酸酯阻燃剂（OPFR）来代替多溴二苯醚（PBDE）。广泛使用的OPFR之一是磷酸三（2-氯乙基）酯（TCEP），其在全球的大量使用已达到1.0Mt。室内粉尘中的高浓度TCEP（〜2.0×10 ⁵ ng g ^-1），几乎在所有食品中都可以检测到（最大浓度约为30-300 ng g ^-1或ng L ^-1），荟萃分析显示的人体负担和毒理学特性使TCEP难以与传统阻燃剂区分开，这种情况要求研究人员重新考虑TCEP是否适合作为新的阻燃剂。但是，有许多未解决的问题，可能会妨碍全球卫生机构制定严格的法规和考虑谨慎使用TCEP的制造商。因此，本综述的目的是强调影响其来源的TCEP排放，其生物可及性，营养传递的威胁和毒理基因组学的因素，以便更好地了解其作为FR的出现。最后，讨论了处理TCEP排放的补救策略以及未来的研究方向。