Residential energy use accounts for roughly 20% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the United States. Using data on 93 million individual households, we estimate these GHGs across the contiguous United States and clarify the respective influence of climate, affluence, energy infrastructure, urban form, and building attributes (age, housing type, heating fuel) in driving these emissions. A ranking by state reveals that GHGs (per unit floor space) are lowest in Western US states and highest in Central states. Wealthier Americans have per capita footprints ∼25% higher than those of lower-income residents, primarily due to larger homes. In especially affluent suburbs, these emissions can be 15 times higher than nearby neighborhoods. If the electrical grid is decarbonized, then the residential housing sector can meet the 28% emission reduction target for 2025 under the Paris Agreement. However, grid decarbonization will be insufficient to meet the 80% emissions reduction target for 2050 due to a growing housing stock and continued use of fossil fuels (natural gas, propane, and fuel oil) in homes. Meeting this target will also require deep energy retrofits and transitioning to distributed low-carbon energy sources, as well as reducing per capita floor space and zoning denser settlement patterns.

在美国，住宅能源使用量约占温室气体（GHG）排放量的20％。使用有关9300万个独立家庭的数据，我们估算了整个美国的温室气体排放量，并阐明了气候，富裕程度，能源基础设施，城市形态和建筑属性（年龄，住房类型，供暖燃料）在驱动这些排放中的各自影响。各州的排名显示，美国西部各州的温室气体排放量最低，而中部各州的温室气体排放量最高。富裕的美国人的人均足迹比低收入居民的人均足迹高约25％，这主要是由于房屋更大。在特别富裕的郊区，这些排放量可能是附近社区的15倍。如果电网脱碳，则住宅房屋部门可以达到《巴黎协定》规定的2025年28％的减排目标。然而，由于房屋存量的增加和家庭继续使用化石燃料（天然气，丙烷和燃料油），电网脱碳将不足以满足2050年80％的减排目标。要实现此目标，还需要进行深层能源改造，并过渡到分布式低碳能源，并减少人均建筑面积并划分更密集的沉降模式。