Abstract Smouldering combustion is an important and complex phenomenon that is central to a wide range of problems (hazards) and solutions (applications). A rich history of research in the context of fire safety has yet to be integrated with the more recent, rapidly growing body of work in engineered smouldering solutions. The variety of disciplines, materials involved, and perspectives on smouldering have resulted in a lack of unity in the expression of key concepts, terminology used, interpretation of results, and conclusions extracted. This review brings together theoretical, experimental, and modelling studies across both fire safety and applied smouldering research to produce a unified conceptual understanding of smouldering combustion. The review includes (i) an overview of the fundamental processes with a synthesis of nomenclature to generate a consistent set of terms for these fundamental processes, (ii) a distillation of ignition, extinction, and transition to flaming research, (iii) a review of the temporal and spatial distribution of heat and mass transfer processes as well as their solution using analytical and numerical methods, (iv) an overview of smouldering emissions and emission treatment systems, and (v) a summary of key gaps and opportunities for future research. Beyond merely review, a new conceptual model is provided that articulates similarities and critical differences between the two main smouldering systems: porous solid fuels and condensed fuels in inert porous media. A quantitative analysis of this conceptual model reveals that the evolution of a smouldering front, while a local process, is determined by a global energy balance that is cumulative in time and has to be integrated in space. As such, the fate of a smouldering reaction can be predicted before the effects of global heat exchange have impacted the reaction. This approach is relevant to all forms of smouldering (including fire safety), but it is particularly important when using smouldering as an engineered process that results in the positive use of the energy released by the smouldering reaction (applied smouldering). In applied smouldering, predicting the fate of a reaction ahead of time allows operators to modify the conditions of the process to maintain self-sustained smouldering propagation and thus fully harness the benefits of the reaction.

中文翻译：

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定义阴燃燃烧的过程：综合审查和综合

摘要 阴燃是一种重要而复杂的现象，是各种问题（危害）和解决方案（应用）的核心。消防安全方面的丰富研究历史尚未与最近快速增长的工程阴燃解决方案工作相结合。阴燃的学科、材料和观点的多样性导致关键概念的表达、使用的术语、结果的解释和提取的结论缺乏统一性。这篇综述汇集了跨越消防安全和应用阴燃研究的理论、实验和建模研究，以产生对阴燃燃烧的统一概念理解。审查包括 (i) 对基本过程的概述，并综合命名为这些基本过程生成一组一致的术语，(ii) 对点火、灭绝和向燃烧研究过渡的蒸馏，(iii) 审查传热和传质过程的时空分布及其使用分析和数值方法的解决方案，(iv) 阴燃排放物和排放物处理系统的概述，以及 (v) 未来研究的主要差距和机会的总结. 除了简单的回顾之外，还提供了一个新的概念模型，该模型阐明了两个主要阴燃系统之间的相似之处和关键差异：多孔固体燃料和惰性多孔介质中的凝聚燃料。对该概念模型的定量分析表明，阴燃锋面的演变虽然是一个局部过程，但由随时间累积且必须在空间中整合的全球能量平衡决定。因此，可以在全球热交换的影响影响反应之前预测阴燃反应的命运。这种方法与所有形式的阴燃（包括消防安全）相关，但在将阴燃用作工程过程以积极利用阴燃反应释放的能量（应用阴燃）时尤为重要。在应用阴燃中，提前预测反应的结果允许操作员修改过程条件以保持自持阴燃传播，从而充分利用反应的益处。