Human gender-related behavior/psychology is shaped by a developmental system that involves numerous influences interacting over time. Understanding of the full range of elements in the system and how they interact is currently incomplete. The available evidence suggests, however, that early exposure to testosterone, postnatal socialization, e.g., by parents and peers, and self-socialization related to cognitive understanding of gender are important elements. This article focuses on prenatal and early neonatal influences of testosterone on gender-related psychological/behavioral outcomes, and contextualizes these hormonal influences within an understanding of socialization influences. There is consistent evidence that early testosterone exposure influences childhood gender role behavior, including sex-typical toy play, as well as gender identity and sexual orientation. Evidence for similar hormonal influences on spatial ability and on traits related to autism, or autistic spectrum disorder, is inconsistent. Evidence from girls exposed to elevated testosterone prenatally suggests that they experience alterations in processes of external socialization, as well as self-socialization, and that these, along with early testosterone exposure, shape gender-related outcomes.

人类与性别相关的行为/心理是由一个发展系统塑造的，该系统涉及随着时间的推移相互作用的众多影响。目前对系统中所有元素以及它们如何相互作用的理解还不完整。然而，现有证据表明，早期接触睾酮、产后社会化（例如父母和同龄人的社会化）以及与性别认知理解相关的自我社会化是重要因素。本文重点关注产前和新生儿早期睾酮对性别相关心理/行为结果的影响，并将这些激素影响置于对社会化影响的理解中。有一致的证据表明，早期睾酮暴露会影响儿童的性别角色行为，包括典型性别的玩具游戏，以及性别认同和性取向。激素对空间能力和自闭症或自闭症谱系障碍相关特征的类似影响的证据并不一致。来自产前接触升高的睾酮水平的女孩的证据表明，她们的外部社会化和自​​我社会化过程发生了变化，而这些变化与早期接触睾酮水平一起塑造了与性别相关的结果。